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Crash Course for the one who Crams in Grammar and Writing: Information you Need to Become a Decent Writer and Editor Nouns • Words that are people, places, or things • Usually accompanied by articles: A, AN, THE • Sometimes partnered with possessive pronouns: my, his, her, their • Examples: – A doctor, An author, The musician, Grammar – A store, An aquarium, The kitchen, Paris – A dresser, An atlas, The book, Cups Noun Phrases • When a noun includes other parts of speech, it becomes a Noun Phrase • Examples: – The park – The beautiful park – The neighbor’s house – The wildly beautiful and crazy hairdo – The smart, determined, and handsome man Sentence Subjects • Simple subjects: one word (noun) • Complete subjects: the entire phrases or group of phrases that the verb refers to • Examples: – Cat: Simple Subject – The cat: Complete Subject – The black and white cat in the kennel is sleeping. Adjectives • Words that describe nouns and pronouns • Examples: – The pretty puppy – His car is hot. – He is cute. Adverbs • Words that describe verbs, adjectives or adverbs • Usually end in –ly, but well and very are adverbs • Examples: – She washed the car nicely – Carly swims well. – They run quickly. Pronouns • Words that take the place of nouns. • Possessive pronouns: my, his, her, their, mine, your • Pronouns: He, She, it, they, them, I, me, you, us, we Prepositions • Words that begin a phrase within a sentence that adds more information • Examples: – In, under, over, out, to, beside, with, at, up, down – In the house, under the bed, over the fence – Out the door, beside the decorative flowerbed – With my friends, at my house, up the ladder – Down the stairs, Verb • Words that describe the action or state of being of the subject • The verb is the simple predicate of the sentence • Examples: – She swims. – She is a dancer. Verb Phrase • When there is more than one main verb, it is called a verb phrase. • Examples: – She is going to the store. – They will be dancing at the party – He had been talking on the phone for four hours. – She will enjoy the cake. Verb tenses • • • • • • Present: is, are, dance Past: was, were, danced Future: will be, will dance Perfect: has cooked, had played, will have seen Progressive: is going, was cooking, will be going Perfect-Progressive: – Has been going, had been watching – will have been seeing Sentences • Subject, verb, complete thought • Examples: – She swims. – She likes ice cream. – They need to buy groceries. Phrases vs. Clauses • Phrases include nouns, or verbs • Clauses include nouns AND verbs • Phrases are NEVER complete sentences Dependent Clause • Missing a complete thought and needs more information • Examples: – When she is going to sleep… – After they leave the party… – …which is why I dislike fried foods. – …that is the reason I need a new car. Independent Clauses • COMPLETE SENTENCES • Examples: – She climbs the ladder. – They are sleeping. – After I eat breakfast, I get ready for school. – I am tired in the morning. – I am tired in the morning if I don’t get enough sleep, which is why I go to bed at eight o’clock. Interrogative and Exclamatory • Interrogative: to interrogate or question, end in ??????? • Starts with words like: Do, Why, How, Can • Exclamatory: elicits emphasis, ends in !!!!!!!! • Offers a way for the writer to communicate emotion to the reader Imperative and Declarative • Both types of sentences end with ……………….. • Imperative is a COMMAND, sometimes these sentences can start with the commanding verb: Go to your room. Do the dishes. • Add emphasis to commands with !!!!! • Declarative sentences make statement: – I like bowling. – She is my best friend. Simple Sentences • One subject, one verb, and complete thought (ONE independent clause) • Examples: – They went to the store. – She plays guitar well. – Hester is guilt of adultery. – I need a break. – Do you like music? – They dyed my hair orange! Compound sentences • Two or more independent clauses. • Examples: – She likes going to the movies, and she loves eating popcorn. – She likes watching movies, but she hates scary movies. Complex Sentences • One independent clause combined with dependent clauses. • Examples: – She likes riding a skateboard, but hates skates. – After attending the party, they walked home. Complex-Compound Sentences • Multiple independent clauses and dependent clauses • Examples: – My mom doesn’t understand that I enjoy watching movies, and I must go to the movie theatre every Friday, which is why we fight so much. Remember: NO texting • Capitalize I, other proper nouns, and words at the beginning of the sentence. • Do NOT use contractions! • Spell out words like are and you • Use apostrophes when adding a –s for possession, but not when adding for plurals. • Utilize punctuation marks appropriately, and avoid run-ons, fragments, and comma splices.