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Rome commits to Imperialism Imperialism Rome was committed to Imperialism: Expand or Die Establishing control over foreign lands & peoples Rome united the Italian peninsula & defeated Carthage decisively in the West This allowed Rome to easily take territories in Spain & North Africa In the East, Rome sought glory by conquering the lands which once belonged to Alexander the Greats Hellenistic Empire. Their empire spread throughout Greece, Asia Minor, Egypt, and the Middle East. Rome built grand roads connecting their vast empire Conquests, Riches, & Slavery Conquests and control of busy trade routes brought incredible riches into Rome. A new class of wealthy Romans developed comprised of Generals, Officials, and traders This new wealthy class built huge estates, called latifundias, which they filled with riches from the east. As the Romans conquered more land, they forced captured people to work as slaves on the latifundia. Slavery, Unemployment, & the Mob The widespread use of slave labor hurt small farmers These farmers were also hurt by grain prices were driven down by the huge amount of grain coming in from conquered lands Many farmers fell into debt and had to sell their lands and move to the city In the city they were joined by many other unemployed who rioted to protest the widening gap between rich and poor Old Roman principles such as hard work and devotion to duty were replaced with greed and self-interest Do morals and values effect the success of a nation? Which ones might? Who is to lead? With reform necessary, Rome saw civil wars break out over whether to keep the Senate as the most powerful governing body, or to have Rome led by popular political leaders. From the chaos arose slave uprisings and revolts by the conquered. Rome’s citizen army became a professional army whose first loyalty was to their commanders Out of this chaos emerged Julius Caesar Rise of Julius Caesar In 59 BCE, Julius Caesar set out and made new conquests, resulting in the conquering of Gaul & the islands of Britain. Fearful of Caesar’s rising power, Rome’s next most powerful General (and Caesar’s co-consul), Pompey, persuaded the senate to order Caesar to disband his army and return Caesar ignored this order, crossing the Rubicon River and defeating the armies that stood in his way. He forced the senate to declare him dictator of Rome He kept the senate, but was, effectively, the absolute ruler of Rome. Caesar’s rule & death Caesar instituted many reforms, intended to fix the problems of Rome. One of these was the Julian Calendar, which we still use today. Caesar’s enemies feared that he would become King of Rome. In an effort to save the Roman republic, Caesar was stabbed to death upon entering the senate one day Julius Caesar’s death plunged Rome into another round of civil wars Rise of Octavian Mark Antony, Caesar’s chief general, and Octavian, Caesar’s nephew joined forces to hunt down the murderers The Roman people, who loved the reforms, of Julius Caesar, quickly rallied around Antony and Octavian Caesar The two men soon quarreled and Octavian would successfully defeat Marc Antony and his ally Queen Cleopatra of Egypt The senate, then, gave Octavian the title of Augustus (exalted one) and declared him first citizen Augustus would exercise absolute control for the rest of his life and name his successor, just as a king would. Success of Augustus Caesar’s Reign Augustus returned stability to the Roman government He left the senate intact, but was the absolute ruler He opened up jobs to men of talent, regardless of their social class He cemented the allegiance of conquered provinces by allowing them a measure of self-government and respect for local customs Augustus made a census (population count) to make taxes more fair He set up a postal service and made new coins to make trade easier He got people back to work by building roads and temples Pax Romana Augustus ushered in a long period of peace to Rome known as the Pax Romana This period lasted from 27 BCE to 395 ACE Not all Caesars (the title given to Roman emperors) would be good during this period Caligula & Nero were evil Between 96 ACE and 180 ACE a series of “Good Emperors” reigned culminating with the rule of Marcus Aurelius Aurelius was dedicated to the study of philosophy and ruling ethically Video clips Bread & Circuses Throughout Rome, rich and poor both took pleasure in the great entertainments Rome offered The circus maximus, Rome’s largest race course saw great, dangerous chariot races Gladiator fights were very popular and were generally fought between caught and trained slaves The government also provided free bread for the poor All this was done to pacify the Roman mob While this worked during the eras of prosperity it would not be enough when troubled times came Roman Technology & Science The Romans excelled at engineering This is the application of science and mathematics to develop useful structures and machines Engineers built many immense aqueducts, or bridge like stone structures that brought water from the hills into Roman cities. Almost every city boasted public baths where people gathered to wash themselves and hear the latest news and gossip