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The Respiratory System Anatomy and Physiology Lori Baker, RN, BSN Objectives • Describe the structure and functions of the organs of the respiratory system • Trace the movement of air from the nostrils to the alveoli • Describe the role of pulmonary surfactants • Explain how respiratory muscles affect thoracic volume • List three conditions that make the alveoli wellsuited for the exchange of oxygen and carbon dioxide • List lung volumes and capacities • Describe common variations and abnormalities of breathing • Explain the neural and chemical control of respiration Upper Respiratory Tract • • • • • Nose Pharynx Larynx Upper trachea Mouth Lower Respiratory Tract • • • • • Lower trachea Lungs Bronchial tree Bronchioles Alveoli Nose • • • • • • • Air enters Septum Conchae Warms, humidifies, filters Bacteria and other particles Olfactory receptors Paranasal sinuses Pharynx • Muscular tube • Three parts –Nasopharynx –Oropharynx –Laryngopharynx Larynx • • • • Voice box/Vocal cords Air passage Muscular tube to cartilage Glottis/Epiglottis And the rest of the story… • • • • • Trachea Bronchi Bronchial tree Bronchioles Alveoli Lungs • • • • Right Left Diaphragm Pleura –Parietal –Visceral Alveoli • Air sacs • Functional units • Elastin fibers Alveoli (cont’d)… • Surrounded by capillaries • Macrophages • Tissue fluid • Surfactant Pressures • Atmospheric • Intrapleural • Intrapulmonic Inspiration • Medulla • Impulses • Diaphragm • Intercostal muscles Inspiration • Pleura • Lungs expand • Pressure falls • Pressures equalize Expiration • Impulse decreases • Muscles relax • Chest cavity smaller Expiration • Lungs compress • Pressure rises • Pressure equalized Gas Exchange • External respiration • Internal respiration • Partial pressure Gas Transportation • Oxygen –Hemoglobin –Iron • Carbon dioxide –Changed to bicarbonate and hydrogen –Returns to be exhaled as carbon dioxide Pulmonary Volumes • Tidal volume • Minute volume • Inspiratory reserve Pulmonary Volumes (cont’d) • Expiratory reserve • Vital capacity • Residual air Regulation of Respiration • Brainstem –Medulla –Pons • Hypothalamus • Cerebral cortex • Chemical regulation
