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The Digestive System By: Balsam, Emily and James. Table of Contents The role of the digestive system……………………. 1 Major organs in the digestive system……………. 2-3 How do these organs work together?................ 4-5 How the digestive system is connected to other systems……………………………………………………… 6-7 5. Levels of organization…………………………………. 8 6. Diseases that affect the digestive system……….. 9-10 7. How to maintain a healthy digestive system….. 11 8. Two professions that work with the digestive system……………………………………………………….. 12-13 9. Fun Facts…………………………………………………… 14 10. References…………………………………………………. 15-18 1. 2. 3. 4. The role of the digestive system The digestive system is a series of organs that turn food into necessary nutrients that are absorbed into the body and takes waste out of the body. If the digestive system were to shut down, the body wouldn’t be able to get rid of waste or take in nutrients. Major organs in the digestive system The digestive consists of six different organs; the Esophagus, Mouth, Stomach, Small Intestine, the Large Intestine and the Rectum (or Anus). The digestive system also DOES have organs that food DOES NOT go through, for example; the Liver, Gallbladder, and the Pancreas. Major Organs in The Digestive System. Organ Movement Digestive juices used Broken down food particles. Mouth Chewing Saliva Starches Esophagus Swallowing None None Stomach Acids Protein Stomach Upper muscle in stomach relaxes to let food enter and lower muscle mixes food with digestive juice Small Intestine Peristalsis Small intestine digestive juice Starches, protein, and carbohydrates Pancreas None Pancreatic juice Starches, fats, and protein Liver None Bile acids Fats How do these organs work together? The mouth is the beginning of the digestive system, the digestion starts here before you even take the first bite of a meal. The smell of food triggers the salivary glands in your mouth to secrete saliva, causing your mouth to water. Also called the throat, the pharynx is the portion of the digestive tract that receives the food from your mouth. Branching off the pharynx is the esophagus, which carries food to the stomach. The stomach secretes acid and powerful enzymes that continue the process of breaking the food down and changing it to a consistency of liquid or paste. From there, food moves to the small intestine. Between meals, the nonliquefiable remnants are released from the stomach and ushered through the rest of the intestines to be eliminated. Stool, or waste left over from the digestive process, passes through the colon. Among other functions, the pancreas is the chief factory for digestive enzymes that are secreted into the duodenum, the first segment of the small intestine. These enzymes break down protein, fats, and carbohydrates. The liver has multiple functions, but two of its main functions within the digestive system are to make and secrete an important substance called bile and to process the blood coming from the small intestine containing the nutrients just absorbed. The liver purifies this blood of many impurities before traveling to the rest of the body. The gallbladder is a storage sac for excess bile. Bile made in the liver travels to the small intestine via the bile ducts. If the intestine doesn't need it, the bile travels into the gallbladder, where it awaits the signal from the intestines that food is present. Bile serves two main purposes. First, it helps absorb fats in the diet, and secondly, it carries waste from the liver that cannot go through the kidneys. What are two other body systems that it is connected to ? The digestive system is connected to the nervous system. The nervous system controls movement of muscles involved in chewing, swallowing and digestion. The urinary system is also connected to the digestive system. The urinary system excretes nitrogenous and liquid waste out of the human body. Levels of organization in humans Stomach Muscle tissue Muscle cell Two common diseases that affect the digestive system: Crohn’s disease Crohn’s disease is a disease that causes inflammation and irritation of any part of the digestive system, but mainly the small intestine. It’s unknown what causes Crohn’s disease, but researchers believe it’s the product of a strange reaction by the body’s immune system. Treatment could be medications, nutrition supplementation, surgery, or a combination of the three. This treatment can help control Crohn’s disease and make it happen again less often, but there is no cure. Two common diseases that affect the digestive system: colon cancer When cancerous cells or tumors are present in the large intestine, this is called colon cancer. Some risk factors that may increase your chances of colon cancer include: family history of colon cancer, physical inactivity, obesity, excessive drinking and more. It can affect people of all ages, but is most common in people over the age of 50. It can cause abdominal pain such as cramps and gas, constipation and weight loss. Current treatment options include: chemotherapy, radiation and surgery. How To Maintain a Healthy Digestive System You can maintain a healthy digestive system by eating plenty of fruits, vegetables, and foods with lots of fiber. You also need to make sure you eat an adequate amount of protein. Make sure you eat healthy foods- limit the consumption of fatty and sugar-filled foods. Exercise regularly to keep everything working properly and pay attention to your body. Two professions that work with the digestive system A gastroenterologist (a doctor that works with the digestive system) would work with the digestive system as well. A gastroenterologist diagnosis and treats diseases of the digestive system. A gastroenterologist would work in a hospital. Two professions that work with the digestive system A dietitian would work with the digestive system, helping to make better eating choices and finding better ways to promote health. A dietitian may work at a health and wellness centre, a university, outpatient clinics, hospitals, or other places of that nature. 5 fun facts ! C: o The small intestine is about 22 feet (7 meters) long, and about an inch (2.5 centimeters) in diameter. o Each year, more than 270,000 Americans develop a cancer of the gastrointestinal tract, including cancers of the esophagus, stomach, colon and rectum. o Cells along the inner wall of the stomach secrete roughly 2 liters (0.5 gallons) of hydrochloric acid each day, which helps kill bacteria and aids in digestion. o Peptic ulcers are painful sores on the lining of the esophagus, stomach or small intestine, and they affect approximately 50 million Americans each year, according to a 2007 study in the journal American Family Physician. o Borborygmi, or stomach rumblings, are the result of peristalsis in the stomach and small intestines — that is, they're due to normal digestion as food, fluid and gases pass through your gastrointestinal tract. References Hawkes, Chris. The Human Body. Italy: Firefly Books Ltd, 2006. Crohn’s Disease - National Digestive Diseases Information Clearinghouse http://digestive.niddk.nih.gov/ddiseases/pubs/crohns/#what Gastritis: Symptoms, Causes, Treatments, and More http://www.webmd.com/digestive-disorders/digestive-diseasesgastritis Dietitians of Canada - What does a dietitian do? http://www.dietitians.ca/find-a-dietitian/what-does-a-dietitiando.aspx College of Dietitians of Alberta website > Public > About Registered Dietitians > Where do Registered Dietitians work? http://www.collegeofdietitians.ab.ca/Public/AboutRegisteredDietitian s/WheredoRegisteredDietitianswork.aspx Dr. Fadi H. Diab Web Site http://fadidiab.com/gastroenterologist-do.html Muscle Tissue http://www.uoguelph.ca/zoology/devobio/210labs/muscle1.html Inside Stomach Royalty Free Stock Photo, Pictures, Images, and Stock Photography http://www.123rf.com/photo_13884720_inside-stomach.html Digestive System: Facts, Function & Diseases http://www.livescience.com/22367-digestive-system.html 5 fun facts http://www.livescience.com/40187-digestive-system-surprisingfacts.html Treatment of colorectal cancer – Canadian Cancer Society http://www.cancer.ca/en/cancer-information/cancertype/colorectal/treatment/?region=on Cancer Quest http://www.cancerquest.org/colon-rectal-cancerrisks.html?gclid=CKLA0_yyirsCFSVgMgoddg4AEQ What is pancreatic cancer? – Canadian Cancer Society http://www.cancer.ca/en/cancer-information/cancertype/pancreatic/overview/?region=bc ACP: InternistWeekly – 23 September 2008 http://www.acpinternist.org/weekly/archives/2008/9/23/ Human gastrointestinal tract – Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Human_gastrointestinal_tract (this was used only for the picture on slide 7)