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PERSONALITY Chapter 12 p. 553-592 Personality In this unit we will explore what makes us unique as individuals – our unique attitudes, behaviors, and emotions that characterize us as a person and make up our personality 5 perspectives: 1.) Psychoanalytic (Freud) 2.) Trait 3.) Biology 4.) Humanism 5.) Socio-Cognitive Sigmund Freud and PSYCHOANALYSIS PSYCHOANALYSIS FREUD Sigmund Freud is the father of PSYCHOANALYSIS Probably the most widely recognized psychologist by the general public Love him or hate him – had a profound impact on Psychology and Western culture Austrian – Jewish MD from University of Vienna Specialized in nervous disorders – baffled by patients who had no biological cause for such disorders Freud concluded the problem was in their head and created “the talking cure” Freud’s Psychosexual Stages of Development Freud’s Psychosexual Stages of Development Each developmental stage emphasizes a sexual conflict Unresolved conflicts cause fixation – developmental issues later in life Oedipus/Complex - during the Phallic stage. A boy’s sexual desires towards his mother and feelings of jealousy/hatred towards the rival father. (girls experience a parallel Electra Complex). Successful resolution results in the child identifying with the same sex parent (“if you can’t beat them, join them”), and learning their gender role from that parent. Freud’s Psychosexual Stages of Development Oedipus Complex Identification – resolution by learning gender identity from same sex parent Freud – the UNCONSCIOUS Iceberg analogy Much of our behavior (problems, issues, etc.) rooted in Uncon – contains thoughts, memories, feelings, desires, etc that we are unaware of Primary goal of Psychotherapy – projection of the uncon to the con level (dream inter, TAT, ink blot, free association hypnosis) Projective Tests Dream Analysis Rorschach Ink Blot Projective Tests – TAT Thematic Apperception Test Tell a story about what you see…… Freud’s Personality Structure 1.) ID – first to develop – in the uncon Instincts, pleasure principle, immediate gratification I want what I want, regardless of the consequences and I want it now 2.) EGO – second to develop Reality principle Great negotiator – mediates between the id and reality, and the id and the superego 3.) SUPEREGO – last to develop. Moral compass/conscience – tells you to do good, choose right Strives for perfection – how we should behave Freud’s Defense Mechanisms Criticisms of Freud Little empirical evidence – not objective, not scientific Little predictive power – only explains after the fact Freud overestimates the role of sex Freud overestimates the importance of early childhood Freud doesn’t get women Repression – does it really exist? Most people painfully remember/relive details of traumatic events Freud overestimates role of uncon – is it more about automatic behaviors and not painful memories Neo-Freudians – off shoots that were heavily influenced by Freud Carl Jung – early on was Freud’s golden boy. They later had a falling out. Divided the uncon. Personal uncon: same as Freud’s uncon – our personal treasure trove of damaging thoughts and memories Collective uncon: passed down through species across cultures. Includes archetypes/universal concepts – fear of dark, concern about spiritual questions Neo Freudians Karen Horney – Agreed with Freud about the importance of childhood. Disagreed with sexual emphasis (said social tensions are more important). Also disagreed with Freud’s theories on women. Erik Erikson – friends with Freud’s daughter and familiar with the family. Built on Freud’s psychosexual stages. Expanded them through life and made the conflict social, not sexual. Alfred Adler – downplayed role of uncon; focused more on con. Says people motivated by fear of failure (inferiority) and desire to achieve (superiority). Also studied how birth order affects personality. TRAIT PERSPECTIVE Trait Perspective Seeks to describe one’s personality by listing traits or characteristics. (ex: lazy, outgoing, hard working, honest, energetic, etc.) Less concerned with explaining a person’s traits than they are with simply describing them Traits are thought to be stable and consistent across time and situations (especially for adults). Ex: A “friendly” person will demonstrate this trait at work, in their neighborhood, on their sports team, at church, etc. It will surface in all walks of life and across time. Trait – Nomothetic Approach Pre-created personality assessments. Uses the same basic set of traits to describe all personalities (everyone fits into a predetermined category. Uses factor analysis (statistical technique) to determine categories/traits. Ex: talkative, friendly, outgoing, social….all cluster and we call it “extroversion.” Ex: punctuality, diligence, neatness, hard working cluster and we call it “conscientiousness.” Nomothetic Approach – Hans Eyesenck Nomothetic Approach – Big 5 Idiographic Approach Trait theorists who don’t believe in pre-fab trait tests. People are unique and complicated. It’s impossible to classify people’s personality in terms of pre-determined personality categories. Final thoughts – trait perspective Personality Inventories – are given to assess people’s traits. i.e. long questionnaires MMPI – Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory = most widely used personality inventory Are our traits stable throughout life?? The older you get the more stable your traits/behaviors are (i.e. the less you change) BIOLOGY PERSECTIVE BIOLOGY Views genes, DNA, chemicals/hormones and neurotransmitters as the primary basis for our personality traits How heritable is personality? Evidence suggests temperaments are heritable but environments can enhance (or not) these natural temperaments Hippocrates Early theorist – personality determined by 4 fluids of body. Precursor for chemical imbalances (ex: depression has low levels of serotonin, schizophrenics have excessive dopamine) William Sheldon Says body type/build correlated with personality type No credibility today HUMANISM Be Your BEST self!!! HUMANISM 3rd Force: Humanism arose in reaction to Psychoanalysis and behaviorism – both deterministic theories – we are a product of our past and what happens to us Humanism stresses free will and human goodness Our ability to make our own choices Chart our own future Rise above our past – determine our own destiny People are innately good Humanism - SELF Humanism is an introspective therapy which focuses on the self Developing self-esteem Bringing the ideal self and the real self closer together What can you change? What can you improve? What should you let go? Ultimately self-actualizing and reaching your ultimate potential Abraham Maslow Self actualized people – self aware, accepting, open, caring, secure, confident, loving, have close relationships, often have a mission in life, not paralyzed by others opinions. Have become their BEST self. CARL ROGERS ROGERS Says people need unconditional positive regard to reach their full potential. Blanket worth/acceptance. You will be loved and valued no matter what you do. Especially important in parent – child relationship People should be genuine, accepting, and empathetic – these are the water, sun, and nutrients that enable people to grow and develop Client Centered Therapy Self concept – all the thoughts and feelings we have in response to the question Who Am I? If our self-concept is positive we tend to act and perceive the world positively. If it is negative, we feel dissatisfied and unhappy. Goal of therapy – help client know, accept, and be true to themselves Criticisms of Humanism Its concepts are vague and subjective (not empirical, not scientific) Its assumptions about human nature are naïve – if people are generally good, why do such bad things happen? Not everyone is awesome! Its values are individualistic and self-centered Too much focus on self/me (self concept, self esteem, self actualize) Should be more collectivistic (look outward) and less about the self Socio-Cultural Perspective S-C combines Behaviorism’s emphasis on the environment with Cognition’s emphasis on thought processes Albert Bandura – triadic reciprocality – triadic determinism Personality is a product of a person’s Personal traits Behaviors Environment They interplay off each other in a loop like, reciprocal fashion Ex: Pete is a friendly guy (trait). He seeks out social environments (party). He works the crowd and talks to everyone there (behaviors). Julian Rotter – Locus of Control Internal locus of control: feel in control of your life. What happens to you is a result of internal factors – your behaviors, your efforts, your attitude External locus of control: life happens to you. Circumstances of your life are a result of luck, fate, other people, uncontrollable circumstances Locus of Control Internals typically Achieve more in school and work Enjoy better health Are less depressed (don’t feel helpless) Too extreme internal could be bad – take everything so personal even if it’s not your fault George Kelly – Personal Construct Theory People develop systems of personal constructs (like a schema) often in pairs of opposites Good – Bad, Nice-Mean, Fun – Boring, Right –Wrong We use these constructs to evaluate the world and our behavior is often determined by our construct of how we interpret the world Ex: If early on I decide that a teacher is “nice” and their class is “fun” I will work harder. If I decide that they are “mean” and their class is “boring” I will likely check out. Kelly also said – best prediction of how someone will behave in the future is how they behaved in the past!