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GENDER Presentation prepared for PDG in Social Work Presented by: Anjam Singh Sanjeev Dahal August, 2010 Sex and Gender • • Sex refers to the biological differences between men and women Gender refers to the socially constructed roles and responsibilities of women and men in a given culture or location SEX AND GENDER DISTINCTIONS SEX Biological Universal Born With Generally Unchanging Male/Female GENDER Exercise Socially constructed roles, responsibilities & behaviors Culture Specific Learned Behaviour Varies within and between Cultures Masculine/Feminine Sex Roles and Gender Roles Sex Roles The only roles related to sex are those associated with reproduction- male and female contribute to the transfer of genetic material. Further, women give birth and breastfeed. Gender Roles Activities assigned to individuals on the basis of socially determined characteristics, such as stereotypes, ideologies, values, attitudes, beliefs, and practices. Gender construction in society Construction of gender through gestures, behaviours and symbolic ideologies Gender roles: Ruth Hartley (1966) Manipulation Canalization Verbal Appellation Activity exposure Gender Relations Gender relations are relations of dominance and subordination with elements of co-operation, force and violence sustaining them. Gender relations are socially constructed and hence, variable in time and place and amenable to change. Gender relations follow the rules of patriarchy- an ideology and social system whereby men are considered superior to women History of gender construction Religion differentiates sexes Hindu Religion: Prakriti and Purus Christianity: Adam and Eve It is difficult to point out a specific period in time when segregation of gender roles started Traditionally there was no differentiation of work: hunting, fishing, gathering Agricultural period: women held high; miracle of reproduction, matrilineal societies With risktaking nature and physical strength, men began to conquer individuals and groups With the advent of privatization, the first thing to be privatized were women: control of women’s mobility, behaviour and access Gender roles and relations became more distinct and hierarchal Gender roles/relations in social institutions All societies follow gender based social values and identities; maintained from social institutions and their mechanisms. Family and Community: matriarchal and patriarchal Lerner (1986) “The family not merely mirrors the order in the state and educates its children to follow it, it also creates and constantly reinforces that order”. Marx and Engels believe that women represent the proletariat class within the family and men gain power making women dependent. Marriage Encyclopedia of Social Science (1973) describes marriage as “ a culturally approved relationship of one man and one woman (monogamy)or one man and two or more women (polygyny) or one women and two or more men (polyandry) in which there is cultural endorsement for sexual intercourse between the married partners of opposite sex with the expectation of children from that relationship” “Maare paap pale punya” “bacha datta twaya kanya putratha swikrita maya” Daughter in law still ranks the lowest position in her married home (Bista, 1992) Caste and Kin Collins dictionary states caste is a “ social stratification which involves a system of hierarchically ranked, closed, endogamous strata the membership of which is ascribed and between which contact is restricted and mobility theoretically impossible” Caste system does not classify women- they are given the caste of the men they are associated with: anuloma & pratiloma Structure of kinship: Matriarchal or patriarchal Market and State Invisibility of women’s work Exploitation of female labour- paid less as compared to male counterparts Nature of jobs: Male doctor, engineer; Female: nurse, caretaker Cash flow in the hands of males (70% in agriculture) [Agarwal, 1994] Global scenario Of the world’s one billion poorest people, three-fifths are women and girls. Of the 960 million adults in the world who cannot read, two-thirds are women. Seventy percent of the 130 million children who are out of school are girls. With notable exceptions, such as Rwanda and the Nordic countries, women are conspicuously absent from parliaments, making up, on average, only 16 percent of parliamentarians worldwide. Women everywhere typically earn less than men, both because they are concentrated in low-paying jobs and because they earn less for the same work. Systematic sexual violence against women has characterized almost all recent armed conflicts and is used as a tool of terror and ‘ethnic cleansing’. In sub-Saharan Africa, 57 percent of those living with HIV are women, and young women aged 15-24 are at least three times more likely to be infected than men of the same age. Each year, half a million women die and 18 million more suffer chronic disability Although women spend about 70 percent of their unpaid time caring for family members, that contribution to the global economy remains invisible. Up to half of all adult women have experienced violence at the hands of their intimate partners. NLSS –Gender Review Gender review of the Nepal Living Standard Survey (NLSS) Pdf file.. Gender as a development issue In the areas of reproduction, production and community, women have been adversely affected by the development process. Wide gap between high yet unrecognized economic participation and their low political and social power Development strategies have taken the needs of the most vocal and politically active Reproductive, productive and social roles played by women must be looked as well as the economic and social roles played by men WID, WAD & GAD WID WAD GAD Origin Early 1970s Post WW II phenomena Term articulated by American Liberal Feminists Mid 70s as a critique of modernization theory and WID In the 1980s Theoretical base Linked with Modernization Theory-Targets individuals as the catalyst for social change, no structural change Dependency theory Socialist Feminist thinking Approach Seeks to integrate women into the development process Seeks to involve women as active participants of development Seeks to empower women and transform unequal relations between women and men Focus Women Women Men WID WAD GAD The problem Exclusion of women from the mainstream development process Women have always been part of development process but their contribution not recognized , development had negative impact on women Unequal relations of power that prevent equitable development and women’s full participation Strategies Equality before law, education, increase women’s productivity and income, increase women’s ability to manage their households Women focused development, women as economic actors in both public and private domain Analysis of women’s contribution inside and outside household, looks at total social structure Critique Accepted existing social structure Did not question source of women’s oppression and subordination Treated women as homogeneous category Focus only on women’s productive aspect ignoring the reproductive aspect Doesn’t question the relations between gender roles Gender equality, equity and mainstreaming Gender equality is defined as the absence of discrimination, on the basis of a person’s sex, in opportunities and the allocation of resources or benefits or in access to services. The concept of gender equality has evolved over time: initially, gender equality was concerned with treating everyone the same. Treating everybody the same, however, perpetuates existing inequalities. By acknowledging and addressing different needs, interests and values, health services and professional can work to overcome these inequalities and arrive at equitable outcomes. Equity is generally regarded as a state of fairness and justness. It requires that the specific needs of particular groups are considered separately and acted upon accordingly Gender equity recognizes that the playing field is not even due to social and historical disadvantages which prevent one sex, often women, to access and benefit from society's resources Men Needs Power Life experiences Access to decision making Expectations from others Social, economic and political opportunities Women The concept recognizes that women and men have different needs and power structures and that these differences should be identified and addressed in a manner that rectifies imbalance between the sexes Gender equity strategies seek to achieve fairness and justice in the distribution of benefits and responsibilities between women and men, and recognize that different approaches may be required to produce equitable outcome Gender mainstreaming is an important global strategy for achieving gender equality. It is a strategy for making the concerns and experiences of women as well as of men an integral part of the design, implementation, monitoring and evaluation of policies and programs in all political, economic and societal spheres, so that women and men benefit equally, and inequality is not perpetuated. The ultimate goal of mainstreaming is to achieve gender equality.” – United Nations Economic and Social Council, 1997