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Evidence Example Endosymbiotic Theory Jerry-rigged design on the molecular scale Through description of the evidence and brief history of the evidence (date, person who discovered it, etc.) Justification – Why is this evidence used to support the theory The compelling evidence that mitochondria and chloroplasts were once originally bacteria cells is the endosymbiotic theory. The theory describes how a large host cell and ingested bacteria could easily become a dependent on one another for survival, resulting in a permanent relationship. The theory was originated from biologist Lynn Margulis in 1967 but didn’t become official till 1981. However, her theory wasn’t supported at first until years of persistence and large volumes of data to support her hypothesis. There are many pieces of molecular evidence that’s proves the evolution of the mitochondria and chloroplast cells. One, researched by Lynn Sagan in 1967, is that Both mitochondria and chloroplasts divide inside the eukaryotic cell by binary fission, as bacteria do and normal eukaryotes do not divide this way. Secondly, researched also by Lynn Sagan, is that Mitochondria and chloroplasts both have double-layer membranes which are chemically similar to eubacteria membranes The nuclear pore complexes (NPCs) are large proteins which stretch across the nucleus membrane in a cell. They help molecules transfer in and out of your nucleus. Then there is the vesicle coat protein that is meant to also transfer proteins but in a different way from the Nuclear pore complexes. In 2008, Brohawn found that molecule ACE1 (a molecule associated with insecticide resistance) is jerry-rigged in both the Nuclear pore complexes and vesicle coat protein. Molecular An analysis of the molecular phylogenetic phylogenetic of a Tyrannosaurus Rex’s of a protein fragments recovered from Tyrannosaurus fossils, confirmed that the tyrannosaurus Rex rex is closely related to the bird species. In the 1990’s, research become more intense when fossils from China were flown in. Results published in the journal, Current Biology, confirmed that change from T. Rex to birds was a gradual process. The fact that the nuclear pore complexes and the vesicle coat protein both shares the characteristics of the jerry-rigged design supports the evolutionary hypothesis that nuclear pore complexes and vesicle coat proteins once shared a common molecular ancestor, and ended up evolving into separate structures with over time. Molecular phylogenetics analysis of 68-million-year-old Tyrannosaurus rex protein -- along with that of 21 modern species -confirms that dinosaurs share common ancestry with birds and chickens Molecular evidence of similarities in cells Antibiotic Resistance All living things are fundamentally alike at a cellular level and molecular level. The similarities can be proof of evolution and can be explain by the theory of evolution. If you take a look, all cells consist of membranes filled with water that contain genetic material, proteins, lipids, carbohydrates, salts, and other substances. The cells are almost exactly alike except for the three structures unique to one or the other. Different species share genetic homologies as well as anatomical ones. Roundworms, for example, share 25% of their genes with humans. Even though the genes are slightly different in each species, but their similarities show that somewhere along the line, there was a common ancestor. If we were to transfer genetic material from the cell of one living thing to the cell of another, the code would follow the new instructions as if they were its own because all cells’ DNA and RNA use a simple four base code. The small simple organisms that we try and control with antibiotics have managed to outrun the drugs through the process of evolution When antibiotics were first discovered in by natural selection. The antibiotic 1928, they were curing human diseases manage to kill some of the bacteria like pneumonia, typhoid, bubonic plague, but the remaining few that are not and gonorrhea. Soon after the killed are carrying the gene that introduction of the antibiotics, bacteria allows them to survive the usage started to evolve themselves and of antibiotics. The survivors of the become resistance to the antibiotics antibiotic begin to reproduce, allowing the bacteria to keep growing passing on the gene for resistance to their offspring, and soon the body is populated by an antibiotic resistant infection Sites: http://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/science/dinosaurs/11122181/Graphic-How-Tyrannosaurus-rexevolved-into-modern-bird.html, http://phylointelligence.com/chemistry.html, learn.genetics.utah.edu/content/cells/organelles, http://www.evolution.berkeley.edu/evosite/lines/IIDmolecular.shtml , http://evolution.berkeley.edu/evolibrary/article/bergstrom_03, http://australianmuseum.net.au/howhave-we-changed-since-our-species-first-appeared#sthash.rNBDezyE.dpuf,