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Evidence
Example
Endosymbiotic
Theory
Jerry-rigged
design on the
molecular
scale
Through description of the evidence and
brief history of the evidence (date,
person who discovered it, etc.)
Justification – Why is this evidence
used to support the theory
The compelling evidence that
mitochondria and chloroplasts were
once originally bacteria cells is the
endosymbiotic theory. The theory
describes how a large host cell and
ingested bacteria could easily become a
dependent on one another for survival,
resulting in a permanent relationship.
The theory was originated from biologist
Lynn Margulis in 1967 but didn’t become
official till 1981. However, her theory
wasn’t supported at first until years of
persistence and large volumes of data to
support her hypothesis.
There are many pieces of
molecular evidence that’s proves
the evolution of the mitochondria
and chloroplast cells. One,
researched by Lynn Sagan in 1967,
is that Both mitochondria and
chloroplasts divide inside the
eukaryotic cell by binary fission, as
bacteria do and normal eukaryotes
do not divide this way. Secondly,
researched also by Lynn Sagan, is
that Mitochondria and chloroplasts
both have double-layer
membranes which are chemically
similar to eubacteria membranes
The nuclear pore complexes (NPCs) are
large proteins which stretch across the
nucleus membrane in a cell. They help
molecules transfer in and out of your
nucleus. Then there is the vesicle coat
protein that is meant to also transfer
proteins but in a different way from the
Nuclear pore complexes. In 2008,
Brohawn found that molecule ACE1 (a
molecule associated with insecticide
resistance) is jerry-rigged in both the
Nuclear pore complexes and vesicle coat
protein.
Molecular
An analysis of the molecular
phylogenetic
phylogenetic of a Tyrannosaurus Rex’s
of a
protein fragments recovered from
Tyrannosaurus fossils, confirmed that the tyrannosaurus
Rex
rex is closely related to the bird species.
In the 1990’s, research become more
intense when fossils from China were
flown in. Results published in the journal,
Current Biology, confirmed that change
from T. Rex to birds was a gradual
process.
The fact that the nuclear pore
complexes and the vesicle coat
protein both shares the
characteristics of the jerry-rigged
design supports the evolutionary
hypothesis that nuclear pore
complexes and vesicle coat
proteins once shared a common
molecular ancestor, and ended up
evolving into separate structures
with over time.
Molecular phylogenetics analysis
of 68-million-year-old
Tyrannosaurus rex protein -- along
with that of 21 modern species -confirms that dinosaurs share
common ancestry with birds and
chickens
Molecular
evidence of
similarities in
cells
Antibiotic
Resistance
All living things are fundamentally alike
at a cellular level and molecular level.
The similarities can be proof of evolution
and can be explain by the theory of
evolution. If you take a look, all cells
consist of membranes filled with water
that contain genetic material, proteins,
lipids, carbohydrates, salts, and other
substances. The cells are almost exactly
alike except for the three structures
unique to one or the other.
Different species share genetic
homologies as well as anatomical
ones. Roundworms, for example,
share 25% of their genes with
humans. Even though the genes
are slightly different in each
species, but their similarities show
that somewhere along the line,
there was a common ancestor. If
we were to transfer genetic
material from the cell of one living
thing to the cell of another, the
code would follow the new
instructions as if they were its own
because all cells’ DNA and RNA use
a simple four base code.
The small simple organisms that
we try and control with antibiotics
have managed to outrun the drugs
through the process of evolution
When antibiotics were first discovered in
by natural selection. The antibiotic
1928, they were curing human diseases
manage to kill some of the bacteria
like pneumonia, typhoid, bubonic plague,
but the remaining few that are not
and gonorrhea. Soon after the
killed are carrying the gene that
introduction of the antibiotics, bacteria
allows them to survive the usage
started to evolve themselves and
of antibiotics. The survivors of the
become resistance to the antibiotics
antibiotic begin to reproduce,
allowing the bacteria to keep growing
passing on the gene for resistance
to their offspring, and soon the
body is populated by an antibiotic
resistant infection
Sites: http://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/science/dinosaurs/11122181/Graphic-How-Tyrannosaurus-rexevolved-into-modern-bird.html, http://phylointelligence.com/chemistry.html,
learn.genetics.utah.edu/content/cells/organelles,
http://www.evolution.berkeley.edu/evosite/lines/IIDmolecular.shtml ,
http://evolution.berkeley.edu/evolibrary/article/bergstrom_03, http://australianmuseum.net.au/howhave-we-changed-since-our-species-first-appeared#sthash.rNBDezyE.dpuf,