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Spartan Society Government Oligarchy: rule by a small group 2 kings Council of elders 5 ephors (officials that held the real power) An assembly of all citizens approved major decisions The Spartan Citizen Native-born Spartan Male At least 30 years old Social Structure Society was extremely rigid Men would become soldiers, trained from a young age Women were expected to produce sons for the army, so they were required to exercise and stay fit The Making of Spartan Soldiers Read the essay “The making of Spartan Soldiers” In your reaction on your notes, consider question #2 from the reading What shocked you about Spartan society in this passage? What does a Spartan soldier look like? Create a drawing of a Spartan soldier, similar to the one shown above for a European immigrant. Notice that each aspect of the person’s appearance is a symbol of an idea, not just an object! Athenian Society Road to Democracy Athenian Society Athens government evolved from a Monarchy, to an Aristocracy, to a Tyranny and finally to a Democracy. Problems in Athens before the development of democracy included… a. b. c. d. People who held power wanted more rights Debt Slavery Corruption of officials Foreigners that worked in Athens were not granted citizenship. This guy…not this guy Draco 621 BCE Issued an improved code of laws Penalties were very harsh (almost every punishment was death) All Athenians were equal under the law Because laws were written down, nobles could not dictate what was legal and what was not, therefore ending political corruption Draconian has come to mean something cruel and severe due to the harshness of his rules and laws. Solon 594 BCE Wise and trusted leader Outlawed debt slavery (no citizen should own another citizen) Opened high gov’t offices to more citizens Granted citizenship to foreigners Gave the Athenian assembly more say in important decisions Introduced economic reforms Pisistratus 546 BCE Gave farmers loans and land taken from the nobles Created building projects that gave jobs to the poor Gave poor citizens a greater voice Cleisthenes 507 BCE Created a limited democracy in Athens Set up the Council of 500 Members were chosen by lot among citizens Council prepares laws for the assembly Supervised day to day work of gov’t Made the assembly a legislature (can make laws) Athenian Society Free adult males had political rights and responsibility of civic participation in government. Women and foreigners did gain political rights Slaves had NO political rights Athenian Society Classical Athens’ democratic system became the foundation for modern democracies, even though not everyone was allowed to participate in decision-making. Democratic principles that developed out of Athens included the following: a. b. c. Direct Democracy Public Debate Duties of citizens