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Unit 5 Protein Synthesis and Mutations and Body Systems Correlation Protein Function Actin/Myosin Protein filaments found within myofibrils, which form portions of the sarcomere, and these contract to produce movement. Amino acid and ProteinDerived Hormones (ex., insulin, growth hormones, thyroxine) These proteins bind to receptor sites on the targeted cells’ plasma membrane, and they act as chemical messengers and send signals to the targeted cells in response to internal/external stimuli. For example, insulin regulates blood sugar levels by signaling liver, muscle and fat cells to take up extra glucose from the blood Antibodies B lymphocytes are white blood cells that produce antibodies, which react to antigens that invade the body; thus antibodies assist with defending the body against foreign invaders Enzymes (ex., amylase, lipase, pepsin) Biological catalysts that speed up the rate of chemical reactions; many break down complex substances into smaller, simpler substances Hemoglobin Iron-containing protein found in red blood cells; it chemically binds to oxygen which is transported to all cells in the body by the red blood cells Structural (ex., keratin, collagen, elastin) Proteins that form outer layers and covers surfaces and are used for protecting internal structures; some are found in bone, cartilage, and blood vessels and are used to support structures. System Example of Gene Mutation and Its Effect on a Body System Mutations cause permanent changes in the DNA, and some gene mutations can cause a change in the protein. For example, a single change in the gene which codes for the protein hemoglobin subsequently changes the sequence of amino acids in that protein. The change occurs when the base A in the mRNA codon GAA is replaced by U to form the mRNA codon GUA. Thus, a different amino acid is used in translating the codon (glutamic acid is replaced by valine), and this creates a structural change in the protein, which affects the shape of the red blood cells and their function. Can you name the type of gene mutation that causes this change and the disease which results from this change? Answer Key Protein Function System Actin/Myosin Protein filaments found within myofibrils, which form portions of the sarcomere, and these contract to produce movement. Muscular System Amino acid and ProteinDerived Hormones (ex., insulin, growth hormones, thyroxine) These proteins bind to receptor sites on the targeted cells’ plasma membrane, and they act as chemical messengers and send signals to the targeted cells in response to internal/external stimuli. For example, insulin regulates blood sugar levels by signaling liver, muscle and fat cells to take up extra glucose from the blood Endocrine System Antibodies B lymphocytes are white blood cells that produce antibodies, which react to antigens that invade the body; thus antibodies assist with defending the body against foreign invaders Immune System Enzymes (ex., amylase, lipase, pepsin) Biological catalysts that speed up the rate of chemical reactions; many break down complex substances into smaller, simpler substances Digestive System Hemoglobin Iron-containing protein found in red blood cells; it chemically binds to oxygen which is transported to all cells in the body by the red blood cells Circulatory and Respiratory Systems Structural (ex., keratin, collagen, elastin) Proteins that form outer layers and covers surfaces and are used for protecting internal structures; some are found in bone, cartilage, and blood vessels and are used to support structures. Skeletal and Integumentary Systems Example of Gene Mutation and Its Effect on a Body System Mutations cause permanent changes in the DNA, and some gene mutations can cause a change in the protein. For example, a single change in the gene which codes for the protein hemoglobin subsequently changes the sequence of amino acids in that protein. The change occurs when the base A in the mRNA codon GAA is replaced by U to form the mRNA codon GUA. Thus, a different amino acid is used in translating the codon (glutamic acid is replaced by valine), and this creates a structural change in the protein, which affects the shape of the red blood cells and their function. Can you name the type of gene mutation that causes this change and the disease which results from this change? Point mutation/Substitution; Sickle-cell disease Class Set Immune system — All the cells and organs in your body that protect you from disease, consisting of the skin, specialized blood cells, organs like the lymph nodes, thymus , spleen and tonsils, as well as secretions. The immune system is responsible for protecting the body from microscopic invaders. Integumentary system - is an organ system consisting of the skin, hair, nails, and exocrine glands. The skin is only a few millimeters thick yet is by far the largest organ in the body. The average person’s skin weighs 10 pounds and has a surface area of almost 20 square feet. Skin forms the body’s outer covering and forms a barrier to protect the body from chemicals, disease, UV light, and physical damage. Hair and nails extend from the skin to reinforce the skin and protect it from environmental damage. The exocrine glands of the integumentary system produce sweat, oil, and wax to cool, protect, and moisturize the skin’s surface. Digestive system - is a complex series of organs and glands that processes food. In order to use the food we eat, our body has to break the food down into smaller molecules that it can process; it also has to excrete waste. Most of the digestive organs (like the stomach and intestines) are tube-like and contain the food as it makes its way through the body. The digestive system is essentially a long, twisting tube that runs from the mouth to the anus, plus a few other organs (like the liver and pancreas) that produce or store digestive chemicals. Endocrine system - is the collection of glands that produce hormones that regulate metabolism, growth and development, tissue function, sexual function, reproduction, sleep, and mood, among other things. The endocrine system is made up of the pituitary gland, thyroid gland, parathyroid glands, adrenal glands, pancreas, ovaries (in females) and testicles (in males). Muscular system - is responsible for the movement of the human body. Attached to the bones of the skeletal system are about 700 named muscles that make up roughly half of a person’s body weight. Each of these muscles is a discrete organ constructed of skeletal muscle tissue, blood vessels, tendons, and nerves. Muscle tissue is also found inside of the heart, digestive organs, and blood vessels. In these organs, muscles serve to move substances throughout the body. Circulatory System - is responsible for transporting materials throughout the entire body. It transports nutrients, water, and oxygen to your billions of body cells and carries away wastes such as carbon dioxide that body cells produce. It is an amazing highway that travels through your entire body connecting all your body cells. The circulatory System is divided into three major parts: The Heart, The Blood, The Blood Vessels. Skeletal system - is all of the bones in the body and the tissues such as tendons, ligaments and cartilage that connect them. The main job of the skeleton is to provide support for our body. Without your skeleton your body would collapse into a heap. Your skeleton is strong but light. Your skeleton also helps protect your internal organs and fragile body tissues. The brain, eyes, heart, lungs and spinal cord are all protected by your skeleton. Your cranium (skull) protects your brain and eyes, the ribs protect your heart and lungs and your vertebrae (spine, backbones) protect your spinal cord. Bones provide the structure for muscles to attach so that our bodies are able to move. Human respiratory - system is a series of organs responsible for taking in oxygen and expelling carbon dioxide. The primary organs of the respiratory system are lungs, which carry out this exchange of gases as we breathe. Red blood cells collect the oxygen from the lungs and carry it to the parts of the body where it is needed. During the process, the red blood cells collect the carbon dioxide and transport it back to the lungs, where it leaves the body when we exhale.