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Ch. 13, 14 Physical attributes (hair color) Sections of DNA that code for a specific trait AGCGTTTACT = red hair (phenotype) DNA wrapped around histones Different forms of a gene R: red allele r: gray allele Genotype: Rr Phenotype: red hair Natural Selection Favorable traits are passed on to offspring Unfavorable traits mean death & no offspring! But he couldn’t figure out how… Gregor Mendel: Inheritance How traits are passed on (parent offspring) Many varieties: white flowering plant or purple flowering plant Control reproduction: cross-pollinate/hybrid or self-pollinate/purebred Short lifespan: Three generations in only three years P-generation, F1-generation, F2-generation Collected thousands of pieces of data Let’s do some science! Self pollinated pea plants to many generations Purebred P-generation P gametes Resulting F1-generation Hybrid Law of Dominance Genotype: Heterozygous alleles Pp F1 gametes Resulting F2-generation Phenotype: 3 purple: 1 white Genotype: 1PP:2Pp:1pp Discrete units of a trait segregate into separate gametes during gamete formation In rabbits long ears are dominant to floppy ears. If a purebred long eared rabbit mates with a hybrid rabbit, what is the probability a bunny will be a hybrid? Observing two traits in one cross P-generation gametes: Purebred: round RR yellow YY Purebred: green rr wrinkled yy Resulting F1-generation? P-generation gametes: Purebred: round RR yellow YY Purebred: green rr wrinkled yy Resulting F1-generation Hybrid Round Rr and Yellow Yy Resulting F2-generation? F1-generation gametes (RrYy X RrYy) Resulting F2-generation All pea styles The inheritance of one gene does not influence inheritance of another In cats Brown hair (B) is dominant to white hair (b) AND short tail (S) is dominant to long tail (s) cross a purebred short tailed, white cat with a purebred brown, long tailed cat In cats Brown hair (B) is dominant to white hair (b) AND short tail (S) is dominant to long tail (s) Parents: SSbb X ssBB FOIL: In cats Brown hair (B) is dominant to white hair (b) AND short tail (S) is dominant to long tail (s) F1: Hybrid for both traits SsBb F2 generation?????? In cats Brown hair (B) is dominant to white hair (b) AND short tail (S) is dominant to long tail (s) F2 Generation 9 brown and short tail 3 white and short tail 3 brown and long tail 1 white and long tail Life is complex F1 hybrids have an intermediate appearance Ex: Snapdragons red x white F1 hybrids have an intermediate appearance Ex: Snapdragons red x white pink Key RR - red RW - pink WW - white Both alleles are expressed dominantly Neither allele is recessive Ex: Roan horses red x white Both alleles are expressed dominantly Neither allele is recessive Ex: Roan horses red x white Red and White Key RR - red RW - roan WW - white More than two alleles are present for one trait Ex: Blood Groups A is dominant over O B is dominant over O A & B are codominant More than two alleles are present for one trait Ex: Blood Groups A is dominant over O B is dominant over O A & B are codominant Key AA & AO: type A BB & BO: type B AB: type AB OO: type O Traits that are associated with the X chromosome Ex: Red-green colorblindness Traits that are associated with the X chromosome Ex: Red-green colorblindness Key: XCXC: female normal XCXc: female carrier XcXc: female colorblind XCY: male normal XcY: male colorblind Multiple genes affect one trait Gene 1 codes for brown or black mice Gene 2 codes for pigment in general One gene affects multiple traits Ex: Cats with blue eyes are deaf A continuum of one trait is affected by multiple genes Ex: human skin color Three separate genes code for 7 shades of skin color Show relationships within a family Track traits or disease in a family Dominant or Recessive? Dominant or Recessive? Occurs when an individual receives an extra 21st chromosome Causes Down’s Syndrome Occurs when an individual receives an extra 13th chromosome Causes Patau Syndrome Occurs when males receive an extra X chromosome Causes men to be sterile Occurs when males receive an extra Y chromosome. Causes men to become overly aggressive Occurs when females only receive one X chromosome Causes Turners Syndrome