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Chapter 10, Section 1
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Why did the Catholic Church feel threatened by Galileo?
Chapter 10 Timeline
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1543 – Vesalius Publishes On the Fabric of the Human Body
1610 – Galileo’s discoveries are published
1628 – Harvey publishes On the Motion of the Heart and Blood
1632 – Galileo faces the Inquisition
1637 – Descartes publishes Discourse on Method
1702 – First daily newspaper published in London
1714 – The Hanoverian dynasty is established
1721 – Robert Wadpole becomes cabinet head in Britain
1730s – Rococo style spreads
1740 – War of Austrian Succession begins
1748 – Treaty of Aix-la-Chapelle
1748 – Baron de Montesquieu publishes The Spirit of the Laws
1756 – The Seven Years’ War erupts
1757 – William Pitt the Elder becomes cabinet head
1762 – Rousseau publishes The Social Contract
1762 – Catherine the Great becomes ruler of Russia
1763 – Voltaire writes his Treatise on Toleration
1763 – The Treaty of Paris is signed
1776 – Adam Smith publishes The Wealth of Nations
1776 – The American Revolution begins
1783 – Treaty of Paris recognizes American Independence
The Scientific Revolution
Turning Points - Bill Blakemore
Impact of the Renaissance
Review: Rebirth of Antiquity
 Humanists mastered Latin and Greek
 Rediscovered classical works
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 Ptolemy
 Archimedes
 Plato
 Aristotle
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Studying led to diverse ideas
Inventions/Developments
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Printing Press (Gutenberg)
 Literacy
 Spread of ideas
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Accurate Measurements
 Weights ships could carry
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Instruments
 Telescope
 Microscope
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Mathematics
 Rediscovered ancient works
 Developed new theories
Astronomy
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Geocentric Model
 Ptolemaic system (2nd century)
 Earth-centered
 Universe – concentric spheres
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Heliocentric model
 Copernicus’ system (16th century)
 Sun-centered
 Universe – Elliptical orbits
Nicholas Copernicus
Polish mathematician
 1543
 Publication
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 On the Revolutions of Heavenly Spheres
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Heliocentric System
 Sun-centered
 Earth revolves and rotates
Johannes Kepler
German mathematician
 Disproves Ptolemy
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 Used detailed astronomical data
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Laws of Planetary Movement
 Confirmed sun-centered universe
 Elliptical Orbits of planets
Galileo Galilei
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Italian teacher of mathematics
Telescope
 Inventor/developer
 Made regular observations of the
heavens
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Discoveries
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Mountains on the moon
4 moons of Jupiter (Galilean moons)
Sunspots
Heavenly bodies have substance
Issues with the church
 Threatened church’s conception
(idea/portrayal) of the universe.
What did Galileo see?
The 4 Galilean Satellites in a photo montage at left
An amateur image of the moons below (like what
Galileo would have observed)
Sir Isaac Newton
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Newton - Glencoe
Brilliant mind
 United the works of Copernicus, Kepler, and Galileo
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Background
 Born: 1642 in England
 Cambridge University scholar
 Mathematics professor
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Publication
 Mathematical Principles of Natural Philosophy
 Aka Principia
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Universal Law of Gravitation
 Explains planetary movement
 Motion of objects in the universe
Medicine Developments
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Antiquity
 Galen (100 AD)
 Greek physician
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Andres Vesalius
 Dissected human bodies
 Description of organs
 Detailed account on the body
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William Harvey
 Heart circulates blood, not the liver
 Blood cycle through veins
Chemistry
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Robert Boyle
 Chemistry experiments
 Boyle’s Law
○ Property of gasses
○ Volume varies based on pressure applied
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Antoine Lavoisier
 System for naming elements
 Founder of Modern Chemistry
Women’s Contributions
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Margaret Cavendish
 English aristocratic family
 Wrote on scientific matters
○ Observations Upon Experimental Philosophy
○ Published under her own name
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Maria Winkelmann
 German astronomer
 Discovered a comet
 Applied to ranking position
○ After husband’s death
○ Denied: lack of education and a woman
Philosophy and Reason
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Rene Descartes
 French philosopher
 Ideology
○ Uncertainty seemed to be everywhere
○ “I think, therefore I am”  certain
 Philosophy dominated Western thought
○ Until the 20th century
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Rationalism
 Reason is the chief source of knowledge
Scientific Method
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Francis Bacon
 English philosopher
○ Few scientific credentials
○ Not a scientist
 “The true and lawful goal of the sciences is none
other than this: that human life be endowed with new
discoveries and power.”
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Scientific Method
 Systematic procedure for collecting and analyzing
evidence
 Major element of modern science
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Inductive reasoning
 Particular  General thinking
Scientific Method
Chapter 10, Section 1