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Name: ___________________________ Period: ________________ Ecology 1. A stable ecosystem is characterized by having A) B) C) D) 7. The graph below indicates the size of a fish population over a period of time. predators that outnumber their prey a continual input of energy limited autotrophic nutrition no competition between species 2. An earthworm lives and reproduces in the soil. It aerates the soil and adds organic material to it. The earthworm is a source of food for other organisms. All of these statements together best describe A) a habitat C) an ecological niche B) autotrophic nutrition D) competition 3. Which statement describes all stable ecosystems? A) Herbivores provide energy for the autotrophs, B) The populations of predators are dependent on the populations of their prey. C) The number of autotrophs equals the number of heterotrophs. D) Consumers synthesize ATP from light energy. 4. The increase of certain types of gases in the atmosphere has contributed to the problem of global warming. All these gases are A) biotic factors C) organic factors B) abiotic factors D) endangered factors 5. Which process will result in a gain of energy in an ecosystem? A) B) C) D) photosynthesis in algae cells digestion in hummingbirds ATP synthesis in fungi respiration in maple tree cells 6. A study was done on three different fish species living in a pond in New York State. The influence of temperature on the growth rates of the fish populations is shown in the graph below. What does the section of the graph labeled A represent? A) B) C) D) biodiversity within the species nutritional relationships of the species a population becoming extinct a population at equilibrium 8. Sugar maples and white pines are two different tree species that often grow side by side in the Adirondack Mountains. Which statement concerning these trees is correct? A) Since they are both trees, they can interbreed. B) Since they are not closely related, they do not compete with one another. C) Even though they are both trees, each plays a different role in the ecosystem. D) They utilize totally different abiotic resources. 9. The wetland plant purple loosestrife was imported to North America from Europe. Since its introduction, the loosestrife has spread, which has resulted in a dramatic decline in the biological diversity of native wetland plants. A likely reason for the spread of the purple loosestrife is that it can A) B) C) D) successfully compete with native herbivores for food serve as an excellent food source for native herbivores successfully compete with native plants for space prevent the migration of native plants 10. When two different bird species temporarily occupy the same niche, they would most likely A) B) C) D) In this pond where these fish live, temperature is a A) limiting factor C) source of ATP Regents Review B) hereditary factor D) source of solar energy change their nesting behaviors not affect one another interbreed to form a new species compete with one another 11. Two species of animals with a similar appearance live in the same habitat but do not compete for food. This is because they most likely A) B) C) D) reproduce at different times of the year are the same size occupy different ecological niches are active at night Wednesday / Friday Room 149 from 2:25 - 3:25 12. What will most likely occur if two different plant species compete for the same requirements in an ecosystem? A) B) C) D) They will usually develop different requirements. One species may adapt to a different environment. One species may be eliminated from that ecosystem. They will alter the environment so that they can both survive in that ecosystem. 13. When a person's level of physical activity changes, the circulatory system supplies body cells with amounts of nutrients and oxygen that are appropriate to sustain the new level of activity. This statement best illustrates the concept of A) homeostasis C) synthesis B) pinocytosis D) cyclosis 14. Which consequence could most likely be associated with a decrease in biodiversity in an area? A) major environmental change. B) The ecosystems in the area would become more stable. C) The amount of genetic information in the species of the area would increase. D) Some sources of future foods or medications would be lost. 15. Which activity would reduce biodiversity in a forest ecosystem? A) adding plants that are naturally resistant to insects B) protecting wildflowers from logging activities C) replacing harvested trees with young trees that are naturally found in the forest D) clearing a large area and planting one species of hardwood tree that can be used for lumber 18. Carbon dioxide makes up less than 1 percent of Earth's atmosphere, and oxygen makes up about 20 percent. These percentages are maintained most directly by A) B) C) D) respiration and photosynthesis the ozone shield synthesis and digestion energy recycling in ecosystems 19. Decomposers are necessary in a food chain because they A) B) C) D) manufacture food by photosynthesis return nutrients to the ecosystem absorb energy from the Sun produce organic nutrients 20. Which term refers to the ecological niche of many bacteria and fungi in an ecosystem? A) decomposer C) producer B) herbivore D) scavenger 21. Decomposers are necessary in an ecosystem because they A) B) C) D) produce food for plants by the process of photosynthesis provide energy for plants by the process of decay can rapidly reproduce and evolve make inorganic materials available to plants 22. The diagram below represents a cycling of materials. 16. Base your answer to the following question on the information below and on your knowledge of biology. Lichens are composed of two organisms, a fungus that cannot make its own food and algae that contain chlorophyll. Lichens may live on the bark of trees or even on bare rock. They secrete acids that tend to break up the rock they live on, helping to produce soil. As soil accumulates from the broken rock and dead lichens, other organisms, such as plants, may begin to grow. Which row in the chart below shows the substances represented by X and Y? The ability of lichens to alter their environment, enabling other organisms to grow and take their places in that environment, is one step in what process? A) B) C) D) biological evolution ecological succession maintenance of cellular communication differentiation in complex organisms 17. Which two processes are responsible for keeping the percentage of atmospheric oxygen at relatively constant levels? A) B) C) D) A) 1 B) 2 C) 3 D) 4 circulation and coordination respiration and coordination respiration and photosynthesis photosynthesis and circulation Regents Review Wednesday / Friday Room 149 from 2:25 - 3:25 23. Species A, B, C, and D are all different heterotrophs involved in the same food chain in an ecosystem. The chart below shows the population of each species at the same time on a summer day. 26. Many species of plants interact with harmless underground fungi. The fungi enable the plants to absorb certain essential minerals and the plants provide the fungi with carbohydrates and other nutrients. This describes an interaction between a A) B) C) D) parasite and its host predator and its prey scavenger and a decomposer producer and a consumer 27. Which statement represents a characteristic of an ecosystem that is not likely to sustain itself? A) B) C) D) Which statement best describes one of these species of heterotrophs? A) Species A is the most numerous because it can make its own food. B) Species B probably feeds on species C) Species C and B interbred to produce species D) Species D is most likely the top predator in the food chain. The Sun provides the needed energy. Energy is transferred from plants to animals. There are more consumers than producers. There are interactions between biotic and abiotic factors. 28. The greatest number of relationships between the organisms in an ecosystem is best shown in A) B) C) D) a food chain an energy pyramid a food web an ecological succession diagram 24. Puppies are often given medicine to eliminate roundworms from 29. Base your answer to the following question on their intestines. These worms consume some of the food the puppies the food web below and on your knowledge of biology. have digested. The worms and the puppies represent a relationship known as A) predator-prey C) parasite-host B) consumer-producer D) autotroph-heterotroph 25. The diagram below represents a food web. A decrease in the grass population will most immediately decrease the available energy for the A) mouse B) hawk C) snake D) frog Two of the herbivores represented in this food web are A) toads and snakes C) wolves and raccoons Regents Review B) deer and mice D) grasshoppers and toads Wednesday / Friday Room 149 from 2:25 - 3:25 30. Base your answer on the energy pyramid below and on your knowledge of biology. 33. The diagram below represents different feeding levels in an energy pyramid Letter A in the pyramid represents A) scavengers C) carnivores B) producers D) herbivores The most likely explanation for showing fewer organisms at each feeding level going up the pyramid is that 31. A food web is represented below. A) B) C) D) some energy is lost to the environment as heat the larger the organism, the less energy it requires some energy is recycled within each level and remains there decomposers convert most of the energy into inorganic compounds 34. What is the primary source of energy for all the organisms in the ecosystem represented below? A continuous decrease in the size of the rabbit population would most likely cause a decrease in which other population? A) frog C) grass B) cricket D) mountain lion 32. Many communities have started programs to dispose of evergreen trees after the holiday season. These programs allow individuals to bring these trees to be shredded, and the resulting chips are spread around parks and recreational areas as mulch. These programs benefit the environment by A) B) C) D) increasing pollution in parks taking up more space in landfHls returning materials to the environment increasing carbon dioxide in the atmosphere Regents Review A) B) C) D) photosynthesis in the producers respiration in the heterotrophs light energy from the Sun minerals from the rocks 35. In lakes that are exposed to acid rain, fish populations are declining. This is primarily due to changes in which lake condition? A) size C) pH Wednesday / Friday B) temperature D) location Room 149 from 2:25 - 3:25 36. The chart below summarizes the effect of commercial fishing on a local Atlantic cod population over an 9-year period. 38. Base your answer to the following question on the diagram below and on your knowledge of biology. The diagram represents a food web in an ecosystem. According to the chart, it can be concluded that A) the number of fishing boats has less effect on the local cod population than pollution B) more fishing boats make the cod population estimates more accurate C) an increase in fishing boats has had a positive impact on cod population growth D) commercial fishing is having a negative effect on the local cod population 37. Base your answer to the following question on the diagram below and on your knowledge of biology. The diagram represents a food web in an ecosystem. If the population of hawks in this area increases, their prey populations might decrease. Later, with fewer prey, the hawk population might decrease. The prey populations might then increase. This is an example of A) an ecosystem that is completely out of balance B) how ecosystems maintain stability over time C) interaction between biotic and abiotic factors within an ecosystem D) ecological succession in an ecosystem Missing from the diagram of this ecosystem are the A) B) C) D) biotic factors and decomposers abiotic factors and decomposers autotrophs, only heterotrophs, only Regents Review Wednesday / Friday Room 149 from 2:25 - 3:25 39. Which row in the chart below best describes decomposers? A) 1 B) 2 C) 3 D) 4 40. The diagram below represents a process that occurs in nature. If the oak and hickory trees were burned in a forest fire, leaving bare soil, which group of plants would most likely be the first to grow back? A) crabgrass and horseweed C) broomsedge and pine seedlings B) oak and hickory trees D) mature pine and young deciduous trees 41. Two different species of single-celled organisms that eat the same food were placed in the same container. A constant food supply was provided starting on day 2, and the populations were monitored daily. The graph below represents the growth of the two populations. The most likely reason for the observed changes in the populations over the 18-day period is A) P. caudatum outcompeted P. aurelia C) the two species shared available resources Regents Review B) P. aurelia outcompeted P. caudatum D) P. caudatum became a predator for P. aurelia Wednesday / Friday Room 149 from 2:25 - 3:25 42. The diagram below represents a food web. Which organisms are correctly paired with their nutritional roles? A) hawk—decomposer; insect-eating bird—parasite C) mountain lion—predator; bark beetle—herbivore B) mouse—autotroph; flower seed—heterotroph D) grasshopper—carnivore; grass—autotroph 43. The graph below shows changes in the populations of two species that interact only with each other over a period of time. Which statement best describes these two species? A) B) C) D) Species A is a producer and species B is its consumer. Species A is a host and species B is its parasite. Species A is a predator and species B is its prey. Species A is a scavenger and species B is its decomposer. Regents Review Wednesday / Friday Room 149 from 2:25 - 3:25 44. The dichotomous key below provides a way to classify some animals into groups according to their physical characteristics. The key can he used to classify each of the four animals represented below. Which row in the chart shows the correct classification group for each animal? A) 1 B) 2 C) 3 D) 4 45. Base your answer to the following question on the information below and on your knowledge of biology. There has been an increase in the number of dead birds found on the beaches of the Great Lakes. These birds were poisoned by a bacterial toxin in the lake water. The birds do not ingest enough water to become sick directly from the toxin found in the lake water. Scientists think that the cause of the increasing bird deaths lies with an invasive species the zebra mussel. This freshwater organism was introduced into the Great Lakes accidentally by humans, and has become well established in the Great Lakes. Zebra mussels filter out microscopic organisms, as well as the toxins found in the lake water. The toxins become concentrated in the zebra mussels, which are eaten by small fish called gobies, and the gobies are eaten by the birds. The concentration increases in each level of the food chain. It appears that the introduction of the zebra muscles into the Great Lakes has resulted in a new food chain that increases the concentration of the naturally occurring toxins and passes dangerous levels on to these top-level predators. This process is known as bioaccumulation. How has bioaccumulation resulted in the deaths of large numbers of birds even though the toxin level in the lake water is not high enough to make them sick? Regents Review Wednesday / Friday Room 149 from 2:25 - 3:25