Survey
* Your assessment is very important for improving the workof artificial intelligence, which forms the content of this project
* Your assessment is very important for improving the workof artificial intelligence, which forms the content of this project
Chapter 3: The Atom A History of Atomic Theory & Basic Atomic Structure Big Idea: Physical, chemical and nuclear changes are explained using the location and properties of subatomic particles. The Atom: From Philosophical Idea to Scientific Theory Section 3.1 Democritus – 450 BC All matter is made up of tiny, indivisible particles called atomos Today, we define atom as the smallest particle of an element that retains the chemical identity of that element Aristotle asked: What holds the tiny particles together? Democritus: ??? Aristotle – 384 BC Aristotle rejected Democritus reasoning and proposed that matter was a continuum composed of mass and form Marble (mass) Statue (form) Later the simplest forms of matter were proposed to be: Earth, Water, Fire, Wind Foundations of Atomic Theory The transformation of a substance(s) into one or more new substances is known as a chemical reaction. Law of Definite Composition: a chemical compound contains the same elements in exactly the same proportions by mass (regardless sample size or source) Sugar: 42.1 % Carbon 51.4 % Oxygen 6.5 % Hydrogen Whether you have a teaspoon or a truckload! Foundations of Atomic Theory Law of Conservation of Mass: mass is neither created nor destroyed during ordinary chemical reactions or physical changes HgO Hg + O 433.2 g 401.2g + 32g Law of Multiple Proportions: if two or more different compounds are composed of the same two elements, then the ratio of the masses of the second element combined with a certain mass of the first element is always a ratio of small whole numbers H2O Water H2O2 Peroxide 2g H 16g O 2g H 32g O 1:2 Ratio 2 Dalton - 1808 Dalton’s Atomic Theory All matter is composed of extremely small particles called atoms. Atoms of a given element are identical in size, mass, and other properties; atoms of different elements differ in size, mass, and other properties. Atoms cannot be subdivided, created, or destroyed. satisfies Law of Conservation of Mass Atoms of different elements combine in simple whole-number ratios to form chemical compounds. satisfies Law of Multiple Proportions In chemical reactions, atoms are combined, separated, or rearranged. Modern Atomic Theory Not all aspects of Dalton’s atomic theory have proven to be correct. Atoms can be split into even smaller particles. A given element can have atoms with different masses (called isotopes) Some important concepts remain unchanged All matter is composed of atoms Atoms are rearranged in chemical reactions Atoms of any one element are never identical to atoms of another element The Structure of the Atom Section 3.2 The Discovery of the Electron Atom is the smallest particle of an element that retains the chemical properties of that element. 1897 - Joseph John Thomson’s cathode-ray tube (CRT) The Discovery of the Electron Joseph John Thomson’s cathode-ray tube (CRT) Negatively Charged Electrode Positively Charged Electrode Cathode Ray Tube Scientists studied the flow of electric current in a glass vacuum tube with electrodes at each end. When connected to electric current the remaining gas glowed forming a BEAM OF LIGHT. The beam always originated at the NEGATIVE electrode and toward the POSITIVE electrode. The electrode is named by what type of particle it attracts Cathode: Negative (-) Anode: Positive (+) JJ Thomson used magnets to deflect the beam proving that particles had a negative charge. These negatively charges particles were called electrons. Major contribution to the atom: Electrons are in all atoms! CRT Video Cathode Ray Tube Experiment Robert A. Millikan - 1909 Continued Thomson’s work – performed the Oil Drop Experiment confirmed the negative charge of an electron and measured the mass of an electron The electron has mass, though 1836 x less than that of soon to be discovered proton. J.J. Thomson’s Plum Pudding Model Thomson proposed that the electrons of an atom were spread evenly throughout a positively charged ball of matter. Known as Plum-pudding model Plum Pudding Video The Discovery of the Atomic Nucleus Earnest Rutherford’s Gold Foil Experiment - 1909 Gold Foil Experiment Set up Gold Foil with a detection sheet around it. Set up radioactive source- emitted alpha particles. ALPHA PARTICLES shot at gold foil. MOST particles went through the gold foil But SOME particles BOUNCED back Gold Foil Conclusions 1. 2. 3. The atom is made up of mostly EMPTY SPACE The center of the atom contains a POSITIVE CHARGE Rutherford called this positive bundle of matter the NUCLEUS Rutherford’s major contribution to the atom was the discovery of the nucleus. The volume of this is very small compared with the total volume of an atom. Rutherford’s Model of the Atom atomic radius ~ 100 pm = 1 x 10-10 m nuclear radius ~ 5 x 10-3 pm = 5 x 10-15 m Composition of the Nucleus When two protons are extremely close to each other, there is a strong attraction between them. A similar attraction exists when neutrons are very close to each other or protons and neutrons. The short-range proton-neutron, proton-proton, and neutron-neutron forces that hold the nuclear particles together are referred to as nuclear forces. Structure of the Atom The nucleus is a very small region located at the center of an atom. The nucleus is made up of at least one positively charged particle called a proton and usually one or more neutral particles called neutrons. Surrounding the nucleus is a region occupied by negatively charged particles called electrons. P, N, E are often referred to as subatomic particles. Particle Electron Proton Neutron Symbol ep+ no Charge Mass Actual Mass Number (kg) -1 0 9.109 x 10-31 +1 1 1.673 x 10-27 0 1 1.675 x 10-27 Ions and Isotopes Section 3.3 Atomic number (Z) = number of protons in nucleus Mass number (A) = number of protons + number of neutrons = atomic number (Z) + number of neutrons Isotopes are atoms of the same element (X) with different numbers of neutrons in their nuclei Mass Number A Z Atomic Number 1 1H 2 1H 235 92 U X Element Symbol 3 1H (D) 238 92 U (T) An ion is an atom, or group of atoms, that has a net positive or negative charge. cation – ion with a positive charge If a neutral atom loses one or more electrons it becomes a cation. Na 11 protons 11 electrons Na+ 11 protons 10 electrons Cl- 17 protons 18 electrons anion – ion with a negative charge If a neutral atom gains one or more electrons it becomes an anion. Cl 17 protons 17 electrons Relative Atomic Mass One atom is the standard – Carbon Mass of other elements are based off of the standard Carbon: 6 p and 6 n = 12 amu Atomic Mass Unit 1/12 mass of Carbon atom Periodic table lists weighted average atomic masses of elements (like a GPA calculation)