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OHP 1 Pali Canon sacred writings that contain stories of the foundation of Buddhism Divide into three groups of discourse known as the Tripitaka (Three Baskets) Sutta-Pitaka Vinaya-Pitaka Abhidharma-Pitaka (Sermon Basket) contains five collections of discourses and dialogues spoken by Buddha, stories of previous births of Buddha (Jataka), Path of Teaching (Dhammapada) (Discipline Basket) contains monastic rules for the members of the brotherhood (sangha) (Metaphysical Basket) contains doctrinal analysis and refinements of a specific and technical nature. Within the Pali Canon you will find a variety of styles of writing e.g. poetry prose sayings of Buddha dialogues between Buddha and others myths about previous lives of the Buddha and other buddhas © 2001 Depth Study 1: Buddhism. This sheet may be copied for non-commercial classroom use only. OHP 2 Four Noble Truths: suffering (dukkha, unsatisfactoriness) the origin of suffering (craving or selfish desire) the cessation of suffering (Nirvana) the way leading to cessation of suffering (the Noble Eightfold Path) Suffering Birth, diseases, old age, death, not getting what one desires or getting what one does not desire. The origin of suffering Craving (tanha, selfish desire), which is the result of ignorance. The cessation of suffering Nirvana : cessation of suffering extinction of craving extinction of greed, hatred and delusion consummation in peace and understanding The way leading to cessation of suffering The Noble Eightfold Path Right: understanding thought speech action livelihood effort mindfulness concentration © 2001 Depth Study 1: Buddhism. This sheet may be copied for non-commercial classroom use only. OHP 3 Buddhism The wheel is a common Buddhist symbol for Buddha’s teaching. His first sermon ‘set in motion the wheel of the Doctrine’. The wheel is used in some cultures as a symbol of the sun, eternity and of the cycle of life. © 2001 Depth Study 1: Buddhism. This sheet may be copied for non-commercial classroom use only. OHP 4 Buddha’s teaching life Buddha’s first sermon was given to his five fellow ascetics who had deserted him earlier in his search for truth. He gave his sermon at Sarnath near Benares. The sermon he gave is known as the ‘sermon setting in motion the wheel of truth’ which explains the Four Noble Truths. The five ascetics understood his teaching and reach full enlightenment. Buddha organised his followers into an order of monks, or Sangha. (later women were able to join) They: lived a simple nomadic life style had few possessions received gifts of food in return for giving discourses encouraging the lay people to practise the teachings of the Buddha in their everyday lives. Buddha spent the next 45 years teaching. He led a nomadic life for 9 months of the year and spent the 3 rainy months of the year in monasteries. He taught in a way people could easily understand using stories and parables to illustrate his point of view. © 2001 Depth Study 1: Buddhism. This sheet may be copied for non-commercial classroom use only. OHP 5 He was 80 years old when he died at Kusinara (Kushinara) in North India. His last words were: “Impermanent are all compounded things. Strive on with heedfulness” Buddha’s message, in essence, was to: “abstain from doing bad, cultivate good, purify your mind” © 2001 Depth Study 1: Buddhism. This sheet may be copied for non-commercial classroom use only. OHP 6 Four Noble Truths The Buddhist tradition is based heavily upon the Ways of Holiness. The key to the Buddhist Middle Way (Way of Holiness) begins with the FOUR NOBLE TRUTHS. These were the answers to Buddha’s search for the answer to the questions of suffering and evil. These are the core of Buddhist philosophy. 1st Noble Truth: (dukkha unsatisfactoriness) FACT - Unsatisfactoriness of Life The first truth is the knowledge of suffering. This states that all individual existence is miserable and painful. e.g. Birth, diseases, old age, death, not getting what one desires or getting what one does not desire. © 2001 Depth Study 1: Buddhism. This sheet may be copied for non-commercial classroom use only. OHP 7 2nd Noble Truth: (samudaya - origin) CAUSE - Cause of Suffering The second truth concerns the origin of suffering. Suffering and indeed all existence (since they are the same) has its source in desire and ignorance: for example the desire of the senses, the desire to be, the desire to destroy oneself. Craving (tanha, selfish desire), which is the result of ignorance. 3rd Noble Truth: (nirodha - cure) ENDING - Cessation of Suffering The third truth deals with the destruction of suffering. Suffering must be totally extinguished; there is to be no remainder. This means being freed from the endless cycle of rebirth (samsara) and entering the blessed state of Nirvana. Nirvana : cessation of suffering extinction of craving extinction of greed, hate and delusion consummation in peace and understanding © 2001 Depth Study 1: Buddhism. This sheet may be copied for non-commercial classroom use only. OHP 8 4th Noble Truth: (magga - Middle Way) WAY LEADING TO END Method of Being Free of Suffering The fourth truth indicates the way to this removal of suffering. This is by means of the Noble Eightfold Path, which formed Gautama Buddha’s basic teaching on Buddhist life-style. Right: understanding thought speech action livelihood effort mindfulness concentration © 2001 Depth Study 1: Buddhism. This sheet may be copied for non-commercial classroom use only. OHP 10 Aspects of Meditation (Theravada Tradition) The reflectiveness of mind and emotional balance is developed as a result of practising concentration and mindfulness meditation. The two divisions in meditation are samatha and vipassana. Samatha (calm) meditation: concentrating the mind on one object e.g. sensation of breathing. by this process you bring your attention to the breathing of your own body and concentrate the mind on that sensation letting go of outside distractions and becoming one within yourself when you really concentrate, you become very tranquil this is called "becoming" – the samatha meditation is a "becoming process" samatha meditation can take you to some very high and radiant experiences in your mind – but they all end. Vipassana (insight) meditation: this follows on from the above technique requires being mindful and letting go of everything and accepting the uncertainty, the silence and the cessation of conditions, the result is that you will feel peaceful rather than tranquil that peacefulness is a perfect peacefulness, it is complete as you develop this technique and understand it more you will experience true peacefulness, non-attachment, Nirvana © 2001 Depth Study 1: Buddhism. This sheet may be copied for non-commercial classroom use only. OHP 11 Different types of meditation Within Buddhism there are many different types of meditation, each designed to overcome a particular problem or to develop a particular psychological state. The most common and useful types of meditation are: Mindfulness of Breathing meditation (anapana sati) Loving-Kindness meditation (metta bhavana) Mindfulness of Breathing mindfulness on in-and-out breathing it is one of the most important experiences for reaching mental concentration Loving-Kindness Loving-Kindness is a meditation practice taught by the Buddha: to develop the mental habit of selfless or altruistic love which brings about positive attitude changes as it systematically develops the quality of ‘loving acceptance’ as a way of healing the troubled mind to free it from pain and confusion. © 2001 Depth Study 1: Buddhism. This sheet may be copied for non-commercial classroom use only. OHP 12 The practice of Loving-Kindness meditation: Once a person is familiar with Mindfulness of Breathing they are ready to start Loving-Kindness meditation. It should be done two or three times each week after you have done Mindfulness of Breathing. 1. You turn your attention to yourself and say to yourself words like: “May I be well and happy. May I be peaceful and calm. May I be protected from dangers. May my mind be free from hatred. May my heart be filled with love. May I be well and happy.” 2. you think of : a) a loved person, b) a neutral person, that is , someone you neither like nor dislike, c) a disliked person, wishing each of the above well as you do so. © 2001 Depth Study 1: Buddhism. This sheet may be copied for non-commercial classroom use only. OHP 13 Buddhist Calendar for 2001 Theravada Tradition Some important festivals and special days: Date Festival /Special Days 8 February Dhamma Day / Magha Puja 13th April New Year – Sonkran 7th May Vesak Day Birth, enlightenment and passing away of the Buddha Buddha Day World fellowship of Buddhists th 20th July Asalha Puja / Sangha Day 21st July Vassa Begins Beginning of Rains Retreat 3rd October Pavarana Day Rains Retreat ends Late October Kathina or Nov © Follows the end of the Rains Retreat 2001 Depth Study 1: Buddhism. This sheet may be copied for non-commercial classroom use only. OHP 14 Buddhist Ethics (Theravada) Buddha and his truths belief in the law of Karma and rebirth Salvation comes from samsara ( cycle of life and death) Buddha experienced enlightenment – became the enlightened one Buddha saw himself as the bearer of a message, the teacher of the dharma or doctrine that could transform people’s lives Buddha set in motion and kept turning ‘the wheel of the Doctrine’. The core of this doctrine is contained in the Four Noble Truths Goal of the Eightfold Path is a Buddhist’s salvation; the experience of nirvana, the extinction of individuality and desires The doctrine and the way Ethical and moral principles are governed by examining whether a certain action, whether connected to body or speech is likely to be harmful to one's self or to others and thereby avoiding any actions which are likely to be harmful. Buddhist morality is personal, it is a way of life for those who wish to reach nirvana. Buddhism sees dharma as a universal truth about all human life Dharma insists that: - human life is essentially a suffering or non-fulfilled existence - change and impermanence are universal - human beings have deep-seated craving within them. From this inward craving results rebirth - this is how life is Salvation can only be achieved through dependence of self, how far you travel along the path to nirvana depends on your own perseverance. There is no promise of divine grace or aid to make the task easier. from Set your Heart on Goodness, page 140 -7 © 2001 Depth Study 1: Buddhism. This sheet may be copied for non-commercial classroom use only. OHP 15 Moral conduct for the lay Buddhist (Theravada) Good conduct should be cultivated by training in what are known as the ‘Five Precepts’ (refer to OHP 16) The Five Precepts are training rules. These rules are seen as a day to day training for any lay Buddhist. If one of the rules is broken then self-examination takes place to look for ways of avoiding the same mistake again. There is no system of punishment or reward. Buddhism places a great emphasis on ‘mind’ and its mental anguish such as remorse, anxiety and guilt - which are to be avoided in order to cultivate a clam and peaceful mind. On special holy days, lay Buddhist of the Theravada Tradition would observe three additional precepts. (refer to OHP 17) © 2001 Depth Study 1: Buddhism. This sheet may be copied for non-commercial classroom use only. OHP 16 The Five Precepts: 1. To undertake the training to avoid taking the life of beings. This precept applies to all living beings not just humans. All beings have a right to their lives and that right should be respected. (practising loving kindness) 2. To undertake the training to avoid taking things not given. This precept goes further than mere stealing. One should avoid taking anything unless one can be sure that it is intended for you. (practising generosity) 3. To undertake the training to avoid sensual misconduct. This precept is often mistranslated or misinterpreted as relating only to sexual misconduct but it covers any overindulgence in any sensual pleasure such as gluttony as well as misconduct of a sexual nature. (practising contentment) 4. To undertake the training to refrain from false speech. As well as avoiding lying and deceiving, this precept covers slander as well as speech, which is not beneficial to the welfare of others. (practising truthful communication) 5. To undertake the training to abstain from substances which cause intoxication and heedlessness. This precept is in a special category as it does not infer any intrinsic evil in, say, alcohol itself but indulgence in such a substance could be the cause of breaking the other four precepts. (practising mindfulness) © 2001 Depth Study 1: Buddhism. This sheet may be copied for non-commercial classroom use only. OHP 17 Additional Precepts for Holy Days (Theravada Tradition) 6. To abstain from taking food at inappropriate times. This would mean following the tradition of Theravadin monks and not eating from noon one day until sunrise the next. 7. To abstain from dancing, singing, music and entertainments as well as refraining from the use of perfumes, ornaments and other items used to adorn or beautify the person. 8. To undertake the training to abstain from using high or luxurious beds These rules are regularly adopted by members of the Sangha and are followed by the layperson on special occasions. © 2001 Depth Study 1: Buddhism. This sheet may be copied for non-commercial classroom use only. OHP 18 Virtues of the Laity (Theravada Tradition) Expected to support the monks in their quest by: daily offering of food OR building and upkeep of the monastery Lay Buddhists should: - try and undertake the training of the Five Precepts daily - treasure the Three Jewels – the Buddha, the doctrine, and the Sangha - be receptive to the teachings of the monks Virtues of: Friendliness Compassion Joy Equanimity are what each Buddhist strives for. Metta or friendliness, benevolence or love is an important Buddhist virtue. It is the moral ideal that a person aspires to in their personal relationship. Metta means that people should: - avoid quarrelling - control their temper - strive always for peace © 2001 Depth Study 1: Buddhism. This sheet may be copied for non-commercial classroom use only. OHP 19 Moral conduct for the Buddhist Monk (Theravada) The moral life of a monk is the means to salvation and it can only be fully undertaken within the disciple and with the support of the sangha Buddha established ‘Ten precepts’ or rules, (refer to OHP 21) which apply to all Sangha members irrespective of their Buddhist tradition. Later more rules became necessary and a compilation known as the Patimonkha (there are 227 rules for Bhikkhus and 311 for Bhikkhunis) These rules are contained in the Vinaya or first collection of the Buddhist scriptures Theravada Buddhists observe these rules to the letter of the law. In many cases, however, the following is more in theory than in actual practice: For example the rule ‘prohibiting the handling of gold and silver’ in other words money. Theravadin monks today in practice tend to split hairs on this rule; they will not touch coins, however they may carry credit cards or a chequebook. The Sangha has been a moral and spiritual light and its beams have reached far beyond the monastery walls. © 2001 Depth Study 1: Buddhism. This sheet may be copied for non-commercial classroom use only. OHP 20 Ten Precepts 1. To refrain from taking the life of beings. 2. To refrain from taking things not given. A monk must not beg or take what does not belong to him but must be totally dependent on the generosity of others. To do otherwise is stealing 3. To refrain from sensual misconduct. Monks are expected to live a life of celibacy. 4. To refrain from false speech. 5. To refrain from substances which cause intoxication and heedlessness. 6. To refrain from taking food at inappropriate times. 7. To refrain from dancing, singing, music and entertainments 8. To refrain from the use of perfumes, ornaments and other items used to adorn or beautify the person. 9. To refrain from using high or luxurious beds 10. To refrain from accepting gold or silver © 2001 Depth Study 1: Buddhism. This sheet may be copied for non-commercial classroom use only. OHP 21 Buddhist Calendar for 2001 Mahayana Tradition Some important festivals and special days: Date Festival /Special Days 2 January Sakyamuni Buddha’s NirvanaEnlightenment New Year Day Year of the Dragon Birthday of Maitreya (Mi Lo Fwo) Samantabhadra (Pu Hsien) Bodhisattva’s Birthday Sakyamuni Buddha’s Renunciation Manjusri (Wen Shu Shih Li) Bodhisattva’s Birthday Sakyamuni Buddha’s Birthday Buddha Day nd 24th January 15th February 2nd March 26th April 30th April 7th May 8th August 2nd September 16th September 14th November © Avalokitesvara’s (Kuan Yin) Enlightenment Ullambana – The Feast of the Hungry Ghosts Ksitigarbha’s (Ti Tsang) Bodhisattva’s Birthday Bhaisajyaguru’s (Yao Shih Fwo) Birthday -the coming Buddha, or next Buddha-to-be representing the perfection of wisdom World fellowship of Buddhists Earth Store Bodhisattva who has vowed to help and deliver all beings the healing Buddha 2001 Depth Study 1: Buddhism. This sheet may be copied for non-commercial classroom use only. OHP 22 Buddhist Ethics (Mayahana) Buddha and his truths belief in the law of Karma and rebirth Salvation comes from samsara ( cycle of life and death) Buddha experienced enlightenment – became the enlightened one Buddha saw himself as the bearer of a message, the teacher of the dharma or doctrine that could transform people’s lives Buddha set in motion and kept turning ‘the wheel of the Doctrine’. The core of this doctrine is contained in the Four Noble Truths Goal of the Eightfold Path is a Buddhist’s salvation; the experience of nirvana, the extinction of individuality and desires Buddha is seen as a transcendent being, eternal and sovereign over the world. © 2001 Depth Study 1: Buddhism. This sheet may be copied for non-commercial classroom use only. OHP 23 The doctrine and the way Mayahana tradition changed the whole context of the moral life because of the above view of Buddha. The struggle to reach nirvana did not depend on a person alone. There were saviours whose help could be sort. The concept of divine grace became prominent in the Mayahana tradition. Salvation was seen less and less as a human achievement but as a boon bestowed on those who put their trust in a heavenly being Ethical and moral principles are governed by examining whether a certain action, whether connected to body or speech is likely to be harmful to one's self or to others and thereby avoiding any actions which are likely to be harmful. Buddhism sees dharma as a universal truth about all human life Dharma insists that: - human life is essentially a suffering or non-fulfilled existence - change and impermanence are universal - human beings have a deep-seated craving within them. From this inward craving results rebirth- this is how life is. from Set your Heart on Goodness, pages 140,150-151 - 7 © 2001 Depth Study 1: Buddhism. This sheet may be copied for non-commercial classroom use only. OHP 24 Moral conduct for the lay Buddhist (Mayahana) Good conduct should be cultivated by training in what are known as the ‘Five Precepts’ (refer to OHP 16) The Five Precepts are training rules. These rules are seen as a day to day training for any lay Buddhist. If one of the rules is broken then self-examination takes place to look for ways of avoiding the same mistake again. There is no system of punishment or reward. Buddhism places a great emphasis on ‘mind’ and its mental anguish such as remorse, anxiety and guilt - whichare to be avoided in order to cultivate a calm and peaceful mind. Some lay Buddhists will take a Bodhisattva vow, and also follow a strictly vegetarian diet. This is not so much an additional precept but a strengthening of the first precept. The eating of meat would be considered a contribution to the taking of life, indirect though it may be. © 2001 Depth Study 1: Buddhism. This sheet may be copied for non-commercial classroom use only. OHP 25 Virtues of the Laity (Mahayana Tradition) Lay Buddhists should: - try and undertake the training of the Five Precepts daily - treasure the Three Jewels – the Buddha, the doctrine, and the Sangha - be receptive to the teachings of the monks Virtues of: Friendliness Compassion Joy Equanimity are what each Buddhist strives for. Metta or friendliness, benevolence or love is an important Buddhist virtue. It is the moral ideal that a person aspires to in their personal relationship. Metta means that people should: - avoid quarrelling - control their temper - strive always for peace © 2001 Depth Study 1: Buddhism. This sheet may be copied for non-commercial classroom use only. OHP 26 Moral conduct for the Buddhist Monk (Mahayana) The moral life of a monk is the means to salvation and it can only be fully undertaken within the disciple and with the support of the sangha Buddha established ‘Ten precepts’ or rules, (refer to OHP 20) which apply to all Sangha members irrespective of their Buddhist tradition. Later more rules became necessary and a compilation known as the Patimonkha These rules are contained in the Vinaya or first collection of the Buddhist scriptures Mahayana Buddhists tend to put their interpretation of rules into practice. For example: the rule ‘not to take food at an inappropriate time’ is interpreted as refraining from eating between mealtimes as compared to Theravada monks who would fast from noon to sunrise. For example: the rule ‘ prohibiting the handling of gold and silver’ (money), is interpreted as avoiding the accumulation of riches which leads to greed. The Sangha has been a moral and spiritual light and its beams have reached far beyond the monastery walls. © 2001 Depth Study 1: Buddhism. This sheet may be copied for non-commercial classroom use only. OHP 27 Buddhism as a Living Religious System Three Jewels BUDDHA DHARMA - showed how to break the bonds of rebirth by KARMA accumulating merit through deeds performed - and the cycle of life and SAMSARA death - provided insight FOUR NOBLE TRUTHS - a person could work one’s way to enlightenment NIRVANA - this would be by way of the… SANGHA © EIGHTFOLD PATH - the most perfect way to live out the Eightfold Path TEN PRECEPTS - community of monks - 227 practical rules for monastic life help to PATMOKKHA ensure that the Eightfold Path is lived out as well as possible 2001 Depth Study 1: Buddhism. This sheet may be copied for non-commercial classroom use only.