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Lesson 1
From Days Before Time
The civilizations of South and Central America
and Mexico included the Mayas, who had a rather
sophisticated culture and written language, a
numerical system, and a calendar; the Aztecs, who
had a religion based on human sacrifice; and the
Incas, who also were well developed in their culture. All of these societies were agriculturally based
with substantial urban cities.
The civilizations of the North – present-day
Canada and the United States – had a somewhat
different pattern of development. In contrast to the
several elaborate empires of the civilizations of the
South, the Northern civilizations were incredibly
numerous and diverse. Here, the Eskimos hunted
and fished while big game (moose and caribou)
hunters appeared in the Pacific Northwest. Agriculture proliferated in areas of the Southwest such as
Chaco Canyon. Tribes like the Woodland Indians,
who lived near present-day St. Louis, engaged in
hunting, fishing, and farming.
The largest tribal grouping was the Algonquin
tribes of the Northeast. The Iroquois Confederation included at least five distinct Northern
“nations.” In the Southeast, the Muskogean language grouping included the Choctaws, Seminoles,
Chickasaws, Cherokees, and Creeks.
Many of the Northern tribes were matrilineal
in structure, and religion played a vital role in tribal
life. Native American populations increased
throughout the period before European colonization.
Europe’s exploration of North America was
driven by a number of factors. The dominance of
the Roman Catholic Church in Europe created a
Assignments
This lesson is based on information in the following text selections and video. Read the text carefully, watch the video, and study all the material.
Text: The chapter number and section title of
reading assignments are the same in both books:
A. Brinkley, American History: A Survey, Volume 1, 12th edition
A. Brinkley, The Unfinished Nation, Volume 1,
5th edition
The following sections in Chapter 1 of the text are
covered in this lesson: “America Before Columbus” and “Europe Looks Westward”
Video: Episode 1, “From Days Before Time”
Overview
North America, as we know it, was first populated
12,000 to 15,000 years ago by people of Mongolian stock from Northeastern Asia. Early archeological findings confirm that the Paleo Indians, a
hunting and gathering tribe, were among the first
to appear, followed by others who turned to agriculture for sustenance and survival.
1
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T HE UNFINISHED N ATION ( TO 1877)
need for other areas of expansion. The end of the
Black Death saw an increase in population, the
growth of commerce and the merchant class, and
the appearance of new monarchs, especially in
Spain and Portugal. Portugal began the era of
exploration in the fifteenth century with Prince
Henry the Navigator, followed by Bartholomeu
Diaz and Vasco da Gama. But it was Spain that
would prevail.
Spain entered the era of exploration with the
Genoa seaman Christopher Columbus who, in
1492 underwent an arduous journey with three
ships and ninety crewmen to find a route to Asia.
Sponsored by Ferdinand and Isabella, Columbus
arrived on an island in the Bahamas instead of his
intended destination. From there, he went to
Cuba. Despite his later voyages, he never found the
pathway to Asia. Other Spaniards who followed
Columbus included Vasco de Balboa, Ferdinand
Magellan, and, perhaps the most famous, Hernando Cortez.
These explorers were actually entrepreneurs
who received encomiendas (licenses) to launch their
expeditions and set up their colonies. They
declared everything they discovered for the monarchy in Spain. As the Spanish monarchs sought gold
and power, individuals such as Cortez and the conquistadores traveled to North America in search of
precious metals. If found, they were to share their
profits with the monarchs who endorsed them.
Upon arriving in Mexico and Latin America, expeditions like Cortez’s brutally slaughtered, subjugated, raped, and pillaged the Aztecs, Mayas, Incas,
and Chibehas. Francisco Pizarro (1532–38) and
Hernando de Soto (1539–41) followed Cortez.
Spanish outposts were established in such wellknown places as St. Augustine, Florida (1565).
The conquistadores were not alone, however.
Franciscan missionaries came to North America to
convert “the Savages” to Christianity. Such missionaries did not ask the Natives if they wanted to
convert. Rather, they often imposed their Catholicism upon them. To a large extent, this explains the
deep roots of Catholicism in Latin America, Mexico, and areas of the United States.
After the conquistadores’ arrival, Spain encouraged colonization, which Spanish colonial governments accomplished by adapting to what existed
already among the tribal villages. Spain imposed a
small ruling class over large populations throughout its colonies. Spanish settlers appeared more
regularly and interaction among and between
Native Americans and Spaniards became more frequent.
As Spanish plantations were developed, labor
became a problem which Spain and Portugal solved
by importing African slaves. Ponce de Leon, for
example, led his expedition primarily to capture
and acquire slaves.
Under Spain’s exploitive rule, relations with
the Native tribes were not always cordial. A major
revolt of the Pueblo Indians in New Mexico left
many Spaniards dead. In addition to subjugation,
Native Americans faced new diseases introduced by
Europeans and their animals, which were often
devastating. Still, Spanish colonists and Native
Americans did intermingle and intermarry as time
went on, producing a mixed breed of Spanish and
Native Americans called mestizos. A racial hierarchy
developed with the Spanish at the top, Native
Americans at the bottom, and mestizos in between.
Spain introduced some very positive innovations to
tribal economic systems such as domestic livestock,
new crops, and most importantly, the horse.
Nevertheless, by 1560 Spain was facing problems such as increased competition, and the leader
in the era of exploration decided to focus its energies on Mexico and Peru.
Focus Points
Learning Objectives
After reading the assigned pages in the text and
watching the video, you should be able to:
✓ Trace the appearance of early civilizations in
North America.
✓ Describe the civilizations of the North and those
of the South before the Middle Ages.
✓ Explain why Europe began its exploration of
North America and the specific countries and
explorers involved.
✓ Recount how Spain began exploration, established colonies, and developed colonial governments.
✓ Trace the impact of cultural exchange on Native
Americans in North America and how slavery
and the slave trade came to the area.
L ESSON 1: F ROM D AYS B EFORE T IME
Key Terms and Concepts
After reading the assigned pages in your text and
watching the video, you should be able to identify
and explain the significance of the following:
Agricultural Revolution
Aztecs
Black Death
Catholicism
Choctaws
Christopher Columbus
Commerce in Europe
conquistadores
Constantinople
Hernando Cortes
Vasco da Gama
Hernando de Soto
encomiendas
Leif Eriksson
Ferdinand and Isabella
Incas
Islam
Ferdinand Magellan
matrilineal
Mayas
mestizos
Paleo Indians
Francisco Pizarro
Marco Polo
ranchos
route to China/Japan
smallpox/disease transmission
slavery
Amerigo Vespucci
Text Focus Points
These text focus points are the main ideas presented in this section of the textbook. Read these
points carefully before reading the text. You may
want to take notes for future reference and study.
✓ North and South America were inhabited by a
variety of peoples with distinct cultures, languages, traditions, and religions including the
Mayas, Incas, Aztecs, and Native Americans.
Contact with European civilizations was the
most traumatic and significant incident in the
history of these societies.
✓ European exploration of North America was
stimulated by population increases, the rise of
the merchant class, the growing importance of
3
commerce, and powerful new monarchies in
Spain, Portugal, and other European countries.
✓ Spain and Portugal led the early exploratory
efforts. Sponsored by Ferdinand and Isabella,
explorer Christopher Columbus sought to find a
route to Asia, but landed first in the West Indies
and later in Cuba. He was followed by a host of
other explorers seeking wealth, fame, and power.
✓ The Spanish conquistadores, like Hernando
Cortes, were entrepreneurs who received permission from the Spanish crown to explore the
New World on condition that they share their
newfound treasures with the king and claim all
territory for Spain. Often brutal in their treatment of the natives, the conquistadores left a
trail of devastation wherever they went.
✓ Spain set up colonial governments in tribal villages. Spain’s desire for wealth and power were
matched by the Franciscans’ desire for souls. The
native in North America were converted to
Catholicism, typically without their voluntary
cooperation.
✓ To maintain its plantations, Spain introduced
slavery into its colonies, as well as more positive
innovations such as the horse, domestic livestock, and new crops. As cultural exchanges
occurred, Spain began to focus its attention
more on Mexico and Peru than North America.
Video Focus Points
These video focus points are designed to help you
understand and get the most out of the video for
this section. Read these points carefully before
watching the video. You may want to take notes
for future reference and study.
✓ Settled about 12,000 to 15,000 years ago,
North America was populated by a variety of
peoples who relied initially on hunting and fishing and later on agricultural pursuits.
✓ Europe’s early contacts with North America
began during the era of exploration with the
voyages of famous explorers like Christopher
Columbus.
✓ Seeking a route to Asia and sailing with three
ships and ninety crewmen, Columbus, sponsored by Ferdinand and Isabella of Spain, arrived
in the West Indies. Hernando Cortes and the
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T HE UNFINISHED N ATION ( TO 1877)
conquistadores followed with a voyage of their
own into Mexico.
✓ Looking for precious metals like gold and silver
and agreeing to share their profits with the Spanish crown, the conquistadores brutally slaughtered, subjugated, and pillaged the Aztecs,
Mayas, Incas, and Chibehas. Franciscan missionaries followed, intending to convert the Natives
to Catholicism.
✓ Spanish colonization developed as colonial governments attached themselves to tribal villages.
Cultural interaction and intermarriage took
place between Spanish settlers and Native Americans.
✓ Spain brought to the New World such undesirables as disease and slavery, but it also introduced positive changes such as the horse and
new crops. By 1560, Spain was focusing its
attention on Peru and Mexico rather than North
America.
tion in North America. What are you doing to
assure the financial success of your enterprise?
What problems are you facing? What solutions
are available for you? How do you seek to
resolve the problems you face?
Practice Quiz
This quiz is designed to give you an idea of how
well you understand the material. Choose the correct answers for each question and review any
question that you missed.
Matching – Match options a through e with items
1 through 5 below.
_____ 1. Mayas
_____ 2. Aztecs
Critical Analysis
_____ 3. Muskogean Language
These activities are designed to help you examine
the material in this lesson in greater depth. It may
be necessary for you to conduct some additional
research (the Internet is an excellent resource).
Armed with what you have learned in this lesson
and your own research, carefully respond to each
of the following activities.
_____ 4. Black Death
1. Select one of the explorers studied in the text
or video. Trace their route through the New
World and follow it on a map or in a computer
simulated environment. Putting yourself in the
explorer’s shoes, keep a journal of all that happens. Explain how you react to and treat the
Native inhabitants you encounter.
2. Choose a Franciscan mission established during the early Spanish explorations. Find further information on the mission by visiting its
website or researching it at the library. Write a
report on the make-up of the inhabitants of
the settlement, the political, economic, and
religious goals established for that mission,
and the religious practices that the Franciscans
sought to replace with Catholicism.
3. Imagine that you are a Spanish plantation
owner during the period of Spanish coloniza-
_____ 5. Portugal explorer
a. Chickasaws, Choctaws, Creeks, Seminoles
b. Bubonic Plague
c. used numerical system and calendar
d. Prince Henry
e. used human sacrifice in religion
True/False – Determine whether each of the following statements is true or false.
_____ 6. Christopher Columbus first arrived in
Cuba in 1492.
_____ 7. Hernando Cortes, one of the most
brutal conquistadores, vanquished the
Aztecs.
_____ 8. An encomiendas was a license issued by
the Spanish crown to explore the New
World.
_____ 9. One of the first Spanish settlements in
North America was St. Augustine,
Florida.
L ESSON 1: F ROM D AYS B EFORE T IME
Fill in the Blank – Complete the following sentences with the missing word, concept, or person.
10. In 1680, natives in North America rose against
Spain in the _______.
11. Spain introduced _______ to North America,
which greatly helped in agriculture.
12. A _______ is a person of mixed Spanish and
native population ancestry.
13. Most native tribes in North America were
_______ in structure.
14. _______ sailed from Mexico to New Mexico in
1540–1542.
Multiple Choice – Select the correct answer.
15. Which of the following innovations were most
beneficial for the native peoples in North
America?
a. horse
b. the plow
c. corn
d. smallpox
e. a, b, and c
5
16. The most important reason for European
exploration of North America was
a. Europe’s growing population.
b. the Catholic Church desire to convert the
natives.
c. a general increase in warfare.
d. the conquistadores’ desire to intermarry
with native populations.
e. a and c
Essay – These questions are designed to help you
think about all you have learned. Consider them
carefully and then write your responses.
17. Evaluate how and why North America come
to be settled and explored by European countries like Spain and Portugal. What did these
countries hope to gain? How successful were
they? What impact did their efforts have on
Native Americans?
18. Discuss the conquistadores. Who were they
and what did they strive to do? How successful
were they? What long-term impact did they
have on Native Americans?
19. Assess the biological and cultural impact of
Spanish colonization on the natives.
20. How did slavery and the slave trade change
North America?
Answer Key
for the Practice Test
Lesson 1 From Days Before Time
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.
10.
11.
12.
13.
14.
15.
16.
c used numerical system and calendar
e used human sacrifice in religion
a Chickasaws, Choctaws, Creeks, Seminoles
b Bubonic Plague
d Prince Henry
False Text and Video
True Text and Video
True Text
True Text
Pueblo Revolt; Text and Video
Pigs, new livestock, or horse; Text and Video
Mestizo; Text
Matrilineal; Text
Francisco Coronado; Text
e Text and Video
e Text and Video
Lesson 2 – Turbulent Virginia:
Pirate Base ... Royal Colony
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.
10.
d Sir George Grenville
c Predestination
a Ireland
b fur trade
e New Amsterdam
False Text and Video
True Text and Video
False Text and Video
True Text and Video
“Starving Time”; Text
11.
12.
13.
14.
15.
16.
Lord De La Warr; Text
John Rolfe; Text
Headright system; Text and Video
George Calvert; Text
b Text
a Text
Lesson 3 – Saints and Strangers
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.
10.
11.
12.
13.
14.
15.
e Sir William Berkeley
c Pilgrims
a Massachusetts Bay Company
b Rhode Island
d King Philip’s War
True Text
False Text
True Text
True Text
Puritans; Text and Video
Massachusetts Bay Company; Video
Town Meeting; Video
Anne Hutchinson; Text and Video
a Text and Video
a Text
Lesson 4 – The Lure of Land
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
147
c
a
d
e
b
Maryland
Cromwell
Diversity
Quakers
Pennsylvania
148
6.
7.
8.
9.
10.
11.
12.
13.
14.
15.
16.
T HE UNFINISHED N ATION ( TO 1877)
True Video
True Text
False Text
True Video and Text
Oliver Cromwell; Video
Charles II; Video
New York, New Jersey, Pennsylvania,
Carolina; Video
Women; Video
Puritans; Video
a Video
c Video and Text
Lesson 5 – Coming to America:
A Portrait of Colonial Life
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.
10.
11.
12.
13.
14.
15.
d Slave ship
c Galen
a Colonial doctors
b German Palatinates
False Video
True Video
True Video
True Video
Edwin Morgan; Video
Africans; Video
Benjamin Franklin; Video
Scotch-Irish; Text
Slave Codes; Text
d Video
a Video
Lesson 6 – Divergent Paths
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.
10.
11.
12.
13.
14.
c Charles Town
d Salem Witch
a Town Meeting
b Colonial Court
e Great Awakening
True Video
True Video
False Video
True Video
George Whitefield; Video and Text
Peter Hasenclever; Text
Axe; Text
Stono Rebellion; Text
Dame Schools; Text
15. a Text
16. b Text
Lesson 7 – Strained Relations
1. c Immigrants of French descent
2. d Confederation of five Indian tribes
3. b Commander of the British garrison in
Boston
4. a Called for action against the Stamp Act
5. True Video
6. False Video
7. False Video
8. True Video
9. False Video
10. Paxton Boys; Text
11. Spain; Video
12. molasses; Video
13. East India Company; Text
14. Massachusetts Government; Video
15. d Video
16. b Video
Lesson 8 – Not Much of a War
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.
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11.
12.
13.
14.
15.
16.
d “Common Sense”
a Tories
b Declaration of Independence
c Home rule
e Green Mountain Boys
True Video
True Video
True Video
False Video
Sally Bache; Video
The Battle of Saratoga; Text
France; Text
Benedict Arnold; Text
Count Jean Baptiste de Rochambeau; Text
c Text
c Text
Lesson 9 – A Precarious
Experiment
1. c
Led a rebellion in New England
A NSWER K EY FOR THE P RACTICE T EST
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.
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15.
16.
d Basis of the post-Revolution government
b Established the grid system
a Proposed a “continental impost”
False Video
False Text
False Vdeo
True Video
True Video
Connecticut; Text
western lands; text
Statute of Religious Liberty; Text
Fallen Timbers; Video
New Orleans; Video
a Text
c Video
Lesson 10 – Vision for a Nation
1.
2.
3.
4.
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6.
7.
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d Virginia plan
a New Jersey plan
b Slavery
c All power rests in the people
True Video
True Text and Video
False Video
True Video
James Wilson; Video
states; Text and Video
Anti-Federalists, Federalists; Text and Video
Hamilton, Madison, Jay; Text and Video
Rhode Island; Video
d Text
c Text
Lesson 11 – Rivals and Friends
1. c
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.
10.
11.
12.
Federalist appointed Chief Justice by John
Adams at the end of his presidency
d Vice presidential candidate in 1800
b United States minister to France
a Chief justice of the Supreme Court
True Text
False Video
True Video
False Video
False Video
Pinckney’s; Text
Alexander Hamilton; Text
Quasi War; Video
13.
14.
15.
16.
149
Alien and Sedition; Video
Tammany Society; Text
c Video
a Video
Lesson 12 – Best Laid Plans...
1.
2.
3.
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5.
6.
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9.
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c Louisiana Territory
d Berlin and Milan decrees
b Prophet
a Second Great Awakening
False Video
True Video
False Video
False Video
Spain; Video
$15 million; Video and Text
Sacagawea; Video and Text
Dolly Madison; Video
Andrew Jackson; Video and Text
c Text
d Text
Lesson 13 –Pressures from Within
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
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d Proponent of the American System
c Commander in the Seminole War
a Monroe’s secretary of state
b Proposed an anti-slavery amendment
False Text
True Video
True Video
False Video
Black Belt; Text
John Jacob Astor; Video
Great American Desert; Text
Virginia Dynasty; Video
Panic of 1819; Video
a Text
c Video
Lesson 14: He Brought the People
With Him
1. c
2. a
Adams’ Vice President
Speaker of the House
150
T HE UNFINISHED N ATION ( TO 1877)
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
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b Charles Dickinson
d Jackson’s inauguration
True Video
True Video
True Video
False Video and Text
Martin Van Buren; Text
Margaret Timberlake; Video
Robert Hayne; Text
Dorr Rebellion; Text
“Our Union, next to our liberty, most dear”
“Our Federal Union, It must be
preserved”; Text
14. b Text
15. d Text and Video
Lesson 15 – Legacy of an
Autocratic Ruler
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
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9.
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c
d
a
b
President of the Bank of the United States
Chief justice of the Supreme Court
Radical Democrats from the Northeast
Sought to capitalize on Anti-Mason
sentiment
True Video
False Video
False Text
True Text
Removal Act; Video
Trail of Tears; Video
Henry Clay; Video
King Andrew I; Video
Panic of 1837; Text
a Text
d Video
Lesson 16: A Revolution of a
Different Sort
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
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c Population growth
d Canals
a Erie Canal
b Penny Press
False Text and Video
False Text and Video
False Text and Video
False Text and Video
9.
10.
11.
12.
13.
14.
15.
Railroads; Video
Factory; Video
Cincinnati, St. Louis, Chicago; Video
Moses Brown; Video
small workshops; Video
a Text
a Text
Lesson 17: Worlds Apart
1.
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3.
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6.
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b Godey’s Lady’s Book
c the American Museum
d steel plows
a Mount Holyoke College
False Video
True Text
False Video
True Video
True Text
Irish, free blacks; Text
Catherine Beecher; Video
Oberlin; Text
minstrel show; Text
a Video
c Video
Lesson 18: Master and Slave
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.
10.
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12.
13.
14.
15.
d Mrs. Benjamin Perry
c legalized slavery
a Maryland, Delaware, Virginia
b slave rebellion
True Video
False Video
False Video
True Text
Slave women; Video
Slave auction; Video
Christianity; Video
Factor; True
Northern states; Video
d Text
a Text
Lesson 19: Voices of Reform
1. d published the Liberator
A NSWER K EY FOR THE P RACTICE T EST
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
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8.
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c escaped from slavery
b black anti-slavery activist and feminist
a prison reformer
True Text
False Video
True Text
True Video
Hudson River School; Video
Brook Farm; Text
Joseph Smith; Text
temperance; Video
phrenology; Text
a Text
c Video
Lesson 20: Manifest Destiny?
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.
10.
11.
12.
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c To govern is to populate
b First legal settlement in Texas
a Alamo
d Spot Resolution
False Video
True Video
True Video
False Video
Californios; Video
slavery; Text and Video
Zachary Taylor; Text, Video
Popular Sovereignty; Text
Gold, John Sutter’s; Text and Video
c Text
b Text
Lesson 21: Decade of Discord
1. a
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.
10.
11.
12.
divided Clay’s compromise bill into
individual parts
d supported the “Young America”
movement
a assaulted a Massachusetts senator
b defeated Fillmore and Frémont in 1856
False; Video
True; Video
True; Text
False; Text
False; Video
benevolent diffusion; Video
Personal liberty laws; Text
Ostend Manifesto; Text
151
13. Gadsden Purchase; Video
14. c Text
15. a Video
Lesson 22: House Divided
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.
10.
11.
12.
13.
14.
15.
d Abraham Lincoln
c CSA
a Fort Sumter
b Anaconda Plan
True; Video
True; Video and Text
False; Video
False; Video
Benjamin Butler; Video
G. McClellan; Video and Text
R.E. Lee; Video and Text
Line item; Video
90,000–100,000 men; Video
c Video and Text
c Video and Text
Lesson 23: Battle Cry
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.
10.
11.
12.
13.
14.
15.
16.
d Last Confederate general to surrender
e Often reluctant to commit troops to battle
b United States secretary of state
a Killed at Shiloh
c American minister to London
False Video
True Text
False Video
False Video
True Video
Monitor, Merrimac; Text
Peninsular Campaign; Text
Antietam; Video
Fredericksburg; Video
b Text
c Video
Lesson 24: Final Stages
1.
2.
3.
4.
d
a
c
b
Vicksburg
Replaced Joseph Hooker
Gettysburg
Chickamauga
152
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.
10.
11.
12.
13.
14.
15.
T HE UNFINISHED N ATION ( TO 1877)
False Video and Text
True Video
False Video
False Text
“Grease”; Video
Jeb Stuart; Video and Text
P.G.T. Beauregard; Video
Cold Harbor syndrome; Video
G. McClellan; Video and Text
c Text
b Video
Lesson 25: What Price Freedom
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.
10.
d scandal during the Grant administration
c refers to the purchase of Alaska
e required an Ironclad Oath
b response to the Black Codes
a opposed the gold standard
True Text
False Video
True Text
True Text
reuniting the country, emancipation and
freedom; Video
11.
12.
13.
14.
15.
16.
Freedmen’s Bureau; Video
Fifteenth; Video
sharecropping; Text
Grantism; Text
a Video
d Text
Lesson 26: Tattered Remains
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.
10.
11.
12.
13.
14.
15.
d Republican Party
c Perpetual debt
a Atlanta compromise
b Enforcement Acts
True Video
True Video
True Video
True Video
Landowners or merchants; Video and Text
leave in the middle of the night; Video
black women; Video
KKK; Video and Text
Samuel Tilden; Text
c Text
b Video