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Boardworks Year 2 Chemistry Contents Guide Boardworks Year 2 Chemistry Acids and Bases Acid-base theory 6 slides Acids and Bases Guide to definitions of acids and bases • Monoprotic and diprotic acids • Conjugate acids and bases Identifying acids and bases, and conjugate acids and bases Ph, Ka and Kw 19 slides • Introduction to pH and strong and weak acids Guide to calculating the pH of a strong acid Calculations of the pH of strong acids, including full working out • Calculating [H+] from pH Calculations of [H+] from pH, including full working out • Weak acids, Ka and pKa Animation illustrating how to derive the equation for calculating the pH of a weak acid Guide to calculating the pH of a weak acid Calculations of the pH of weak acids, including full working out • Introduction to Kw Animation illustrating the use of Kw to calculate the pH of water and the variation of Kw and pH with temperature. Guide to calculating the pH of a strong base using Kw Calculations involving the pH of strong bases, including full working out Summary guide to the methods of calculating pH for strong and weak acids and strong bases Summary pH calculations, including full working out 2015 1/24 Boardworks Year 2 Chemistry Contents Guide pH curves and indicators 11 slides • Introduction to acid–base titration Animations illustrating pH curves for the following titrations: strong acid vs. strong base, weak acid vs. strong base, strong acid vs. weak base and weak acid vs. weak base Example worked calculations from the results of titration experiments • Selecting an appropriate indicator Guide to selecting an appropriate indicator based on pH curves Animation illustrating approximations that can be made at the half-equivalence point, and how this can be used to find pH and Ka Identifying missing words relating to titrations Strong acid-base titrations and calculations with full working out Acids and Bases Buffer solutions 13 slides • Introduction to buffer solutions Animations illustrating how acidic buffers work • Buffers in the body Example worked calculations of pH for buffer solutions Calculations involving the pH of buffer solutions, including full working out • Making a buffer from a strong base and a weak acid Example worked calculations of pH for buffers made from a strong base and a weak acid Step-by-step calculation of the pH for a buffer solution made from a strong base and a weak acid, including full working out • Changes in buffer pH when small amounts of acid or base are added Example worked calculations of change in buffer pH when small amounts of acid or base are added Calculations involving the change in buffer pH when small amounts of acid or base are added, including full working out Summary activities 2015 Glossary of keywords in the presentation Identifying the correct definition of selected keywords in the presentation Guide to selecting the correct method to use for pH calculations Multiple-choice quiz 2/24 Boardworks Year 2 Chemistry Contents Guide Acyl Compounds Esters Acyl Compounds 16 slides • Introduction to esters Animation illustrating the formation of esters from carboxylic acids and alcohols • Nomenclature of esters Activity to identify the names of esters from their structures Animations illustrating the hydrolysis of esters by hydrochloric acid and by sodium hydroxide • Uses of esters Animation illustrating the structure of triglycerides in terms of glycerol and fatty acids • Naming fatty acids Guide to saturated and unsaturated fatty acids, and the cis/trans configuration Identifying true-or-false statements about esters • Trans fats, saturated fats, cholesterol and health Animations illustrating the formation of soap and biodiesel from triglycerides Acid chlorides and acid anhydrides 9 slides • Overview of acylation and acid derivatives • Overview and nomenclature of acid chlorides and acid anhydrides Identifying structures as being acid chlorides, acid anhydrides or esters Activity to identify the names of acid chlorides and acid anhydrides from their structures Addition-elimination reactions 11 slides • Overview of the reactivity of acid chlorides and acid anhydrides Animation illustrating the reaction mechanism of acid chlorides and nucleophiles Animations illustrating the reaction mechanisms of acid chlorides with water, alcohols, ammonia and amines Identifying the relative reactivity of nucleophiles in their reactions with acid chlorides • Applications of acylation reactions Animations illustrating the reaction mechanisms of the formation of paracetamol and aspirin Identifying missing words relating to acid derivatives Summary activities Glossary of keywords in the presentation Identifying the correct definition of selected keywords in the presentation Multiple-choice quiz 2015 3/24 Boardworks Year 2 Chemistry Contents Guide Amines Properties of amines 13 slides • Overview of amines: structure and shape Identifying primary, secondary and tertiary amines from their structures • Nomenclature of amines Activity to identify the names of amines from their structures • Properties of amines, including solubility and boiling points Synthesis of amines Amines 6 slides • Synthesis of amines from ammonia and halogenoalkanes • Synthesis of amines via the reduction of nitriles • The preparation of phenylamine Identifying which conditions are needed to synthesise amines in different types of reactions Reactions of amines 13 slides • Aliphatic and aromatic amines Animation illustrating the action of amines as Brønsted–Lowry bases • Relative base strength of the amines, and the reactions of amines as bases to form salts Animation illustrating the action of amines as nucleophiles: reaction with halogenoalkanes to form secondary, tertiary and quaternary amines • Uses of quaternary ammonium salts Animations illustrating the reaction of amines with acyl compounds (acid chlorides and acid anhydrides) • The synthesis of diazonium salts and azo compounds, and uses of azo compounds Identifying true-or-false statements relating to the reactions of amines Summary activities Glossary of keywords in the presentation Identifying the correct definition of selected keywords in the presentation Multiple-choice quiz 2015 4/24 Boardworks Year 2 Chemistry Contents Guide Aromatic Compounds Bonding in benzene 14 slides Aromatic Compounds • The history of the structure of benzene • The Kekulé structure of benzene and problems with the Kekulé structure: evidence from hydrogenation, bromination and isomers of dibromobenzene Animation illustrating the role of thermochemical data in determining the structure of benzene: comparing hydrogenation enthalpies of benzene and cyclohexene • Bond lengths in benzene: evidence from X-ray crystallography Identifying missing words relating to problems with the Kekulé structure of benzene Animation illustrating the delocalised structure of benzene Identifying true-or-false statements relating to the structure of benzene • The evolution of scientific knowledge as illustrated by the history of benzene Properties of arenes 8 slides • Overview of the arenes: physical properties and nomenclature Animation illustrating the conventions for naming aromatic compounds Activity to identify the names of arenes from their structures Reactivity of arenes 10 slides • Overview of how delocalisation affects the reactivity of arenes Animation illustrating the general mechanism of electrophilic substitution reactions Animation illustrating the mechanism of the nitration of benzene • Uses of nitrated arenes • Overview of Friedel–Crafts reactions Animations illustrating the reaction mechanisms of Friedel–Crafts alkylation and Friedel– Crafts acylation Animation illustrating the reaction mechanism of benzene with bromine Identifying components of electrophilic substitution reactions involving arenes Phenols 9 slides • Introduction to phenols, including acidity, reactivity, • Reaction of phenol with bromine and with nitric acid Multiple-choice summary quiz 2015 5/24 Boardworks Year 2 Chemistry Contents Guide Directing effects 10 slides • Substitution reactions of aromatic compounds • Electron-donating and -withdrawing groups and how they activate or deactivate the benzene ring • The directing effects of electron-donating and –withdrawing groups • The impact of directing effects during organic synthesis • Example of devising a synthetic route A worked example of how to devise a route for organic synthesis Summary activities Aromatic Compounds Glossary of keywords in the presentation Identifying the correct definition of selected keywords in the presentation Multiple-choice quiz 2015 6/24 Boardworks Year 2 Chemistry Contents Guide Biochemistry Amino acids and proteins 14 slides Biochemistry • Overview of proteins and amino acids Guide to the 22 proteinogenic amino acids Animation illustrating the formation of zwitterions • Overview of the acid–base nature of amino acids Virtual experiment exploring the effect of changing pH on amino acids Animation illustrating the formation of a peptide bond between two amino acids • Hydrolysis of peptide bonds Animation illustrating the primary, secondary, tertiary and quaternary structure of proteins • The types of bonds in proteins • The two main types of protein: fibrous and globular, including the structure of enzymes Identifying true-or-false statements relating to amino acids and proteins Multiple-choice quiz Enzymes 10 slides • Introduction to enzymes and their structure Animation illustrating the lock-and-key theory of enzyme action • Stereospecificity of enzymes Animation covering competitive and non-competitive enzyme inhibitors • Drugs as enzyme inhibitors Multiple-choice quiz DNA 11 slides • Introduction to DNA, nucleotide structure and organic bases • Complementary strands of DNA and base pairings Multiple-choice quiz Summary activities Glossary of keywords in the presentation 2015 7/24 Boardworks Year 2 Chemistry Contents Guide Carbonyl Compounds Aldehydes and ketones 12 slides • Introduction to the carbonyl group • Representing and naming aldehydes and ketones Identifying the names of aldehydes and ketones Animations illustrating the synthesis of aldehydes and ketones from alcohols • Properties of aldehydes and ketones Animated graph comparing the boiling points of aldehydes and ketones with alcohols and alkanes of similar Mr Reactions of aldehydes and ketones Carbonyl Compounds 10 slides • Overview of the polarity of the carbonyl group Animation illustrating the nucleophilic addition reaction mechanism of cyanide Animations illustrating the reaction mechanisms of the reduction of aldehydes and ketones with a reducing agent such as sodium tetrahydridoborate Virtual experiments illustrating the use of Tollens’ reagent and Fehling’s solution Animation illustrating the use of 2,4-DNPH (Brady’s reagent) Identifying the conditions needed for various reactions involving aldehydes and ketones Identifying true-or-false statements about reactions involving aldehydes and ketones Carboxylic acids 8 slides • Overview of the carboxyl group Identifying the names of carboxylic acids Animated graph comparing the boiling points of carboxylic acids with alcohols, aldehydes and alkanes of similar Mr. Virtual experiment illustrating the preparation of carboxylic acids • Preparation of carboxylic acids by the oxidation of primary alcohols, and by hydrolysis Reactions of carboxylic acids 7 slides • Overview of the type of reactions involving carboxylic acids • Formation of carboxylate, and the reaction of carboxylic acids with carbonates and alkalis Identifying missing words relating to carboxylic acids Summary activities Glossary of keywords in the presentation Identifying the correct definition of selected keywords in the presentation Multiple-choice quiz 2015 8/24 Boardworks Year 2 Chemistry Contents Guide Equilibria The equilibrium constant, Kc 10 slides • Recap of dynamic equilibria Animated graph explaining the position of equilibrium • Introduction to the equilibrium constant, Kc Guide to calculating the units of Kc for a reaction, including full working out Multiple-choice quiz about Kc expressions and units Animation illustrating how to calculate the value of Kc for a reaction • Interpreting Kc values Calculations involving Kc, including full working out The equilibrium constant, Kp Equilibria 10 slides • Overview of gas equilibria Guide to calculating partial pressures of gases Calculations involving partial pressures, including full working out • Introduction to the equilibrium constant, Kp • Units of Kp Multiple-choice quiz about the units of Kp Animation illustrating how to calculate the value of Kp for a reaction Calculations involving Kp, including full working out Factors affecting equilibria 8 slides • Recap of Le Chatelier’s principle • Overview of the effect of temperature and concentration on the value of Kc Completing a table showing the effect of pressure changes on the equilibrium position • The effect of a catalyst on Kc Identifying true-or-false statements about Le Chatelier’s principle Applications of equilibria 4 slides Guide to the effect of different factors on the value of Kp in an industrial equilibrium • Atom economy in industrial equilibria Summary activities Glossary of keywords in the presentation Identifying the correct definition of selected keywords in the presentation Multiple-choice quiz 2015 9/24 Boardworks Year 2 Chemistry Contents Guide Introducing Transition Metals Properties of transition metals Introducing Transition Metals 9 slides • Definitions of a transition metal Completing the electron configurations of transition metal atoms and ions • Successive ionisation energies as evidence of transition metal electronic structure Graphs of successive ionisation energies of vanadium, chromium and manganese • Distinguishing between transition metals and d block elements Identifying transition metals and d block elements Variable oxidation states 7 slides • Variable oxidation states in transition metals Ordering the oxidation states of transition metal compounds Ordering the oxidation states of vanadium compounds • How oxidation state affects bonding Guide to common oxidation states of transition metals Transition metal complexes 15 slides • Introduction to ligands • Features of bidentate and multidentate ligands Identifying the bonding atoms in ligands Identifying unidentate, bidentate and multidentate ligands • Coordination numbers Guide to complex ions Identifying properties of a complex ion from a structural diagram Guide to the different shapes of complex ions • Cis–trans and optical isomerism Identifying true-or-false statements relating to transition metal complex ions Identifying the shape and coordination number of complex ions 2015 10/24 Boardworks Year 2 Chemistry Contents Guide Catalysis Introducing Transition Metals 17 slides • Introduction to transition metals as catalysts; heterogeneous and homogeneous catalysis Animation illustrating the process of heterogeneous catalysis • Improving catalytic efficiency • Catalysts in the Haber and Contact processes, and the production of methanol Identifying missing words relating heterogeneous catalysts • Introduction to homogeneous catalysis • Reaction of iodine and peroxodisulfate ions • Introduction to autocatalysis • Oxidation of ethanedioic acid Matching industrial products to the catalysts used in their production • Development of new catalysts Identifying true-or-false statements relating to industrial catalysts Applications of transition metals 10 slides • Uses of transition metals in catalytic converters, polychromic sunglasses, chemotherapy drugs – specifically cisplatin – paints and dyes and alloys Matching transition metal properties to their uses Summary activities Glossary of keywords in the presentation Identifying the correct definition of selected keywords in the presentation Multiple-choice quiz 2015 11/24 Boardworks Year 2 Chemistry Contents Guide Kinetics Introduction to rates of reaction 8 slides • Introduction to rate of reaction and activation energy Guide to factors affecting the rate of reaction Identifying true-or-false statements about rates of reaction • Introduction to measuring rates of reaction Animation illustrating three common methods for measuring rates of reaction Identifying missing words relating to rate of reaction Rate equations Kinetics 8 slides • Introduction to the rate equation Animations illustrating zero, first and second order reactions Completing a table showing the effect of changing concentration on rate for zero, first and second order reactions • The effect of temperature on the rate constant, k Identifying true-or-false statements about rate equations Calculations and experiments 8 slides Example worked calculations relating to experimental data and the rate equation Calculations relating to experimental data and the rate equation, including full working out • Introduction to the rate determining step Animation explaining the rate determining step in more detail Guide to using the rate equation to suggest a possible mechanism for a reaction Identifying the correct answer to questions about the rate determining step The Arrhenius equation 11 slides • Overview of the Arrhenius equation, including expressing the Arrhenius equation as a logarithmic relationship • Using the Arrhenius equation, including a full working out Multiple-choice quiz Summary activities Glossary of keywords in the presentation Identifying the correct definition of selected keywords in the presentation Multiple-choice quiz 2015 12/24 Boardworks Year 2 Chemistry Contents Guide Organic Synthesis Optical isomerism 11 slides • Introduction to light waves Animation illustrating the nature of polarised light • Optically active compounds, enantiomers, chiral carbon Identifying chiral carbons Animation illustrating how the optical activity of compounds can be measured • Properties of optical isomers Optically active compounds Organic Synthesis 10 slides Animation illustrating how nucleophilic attack of carbonyl compounds can lead to the formation of optical isomers • Optical isomers and drug manufacture, including the thalidomide tragedy • Separating optical isomers and methods of obtaining optically pure compounds Identifying true-or-false statements relating to optically active compounds Practical techniques 11 slides • Introduction to organic synthesis, including key practical techniques Animation covering the technique of distillation • Filtration under reduced pressure using a Buchner funnel and recrystallisation • Using melting point ranges to determine purity Multiple-choice quiz Synthetic routes 11 slides • The importance of organic synthesis Overview of different functional groups Activity to identify the different functional groups present in a compound Overview of how compound properties can be predicted from functional groups Summary of organic reactions and synthetic routes • Devising a synthetic route Animation to complete the synthetic route Summary activities Glossary of keywords in the presentation Identifying the correct definition of selected keywords in the presentation Multiple-choice quiz 2015 13/24 Boardworks Year 2 Chemistry Contents Guide Periodicity in Period 3 Physical properties 5 slides Guide to the physical properties of period 3 elements Identifying the physical properties of period 3 elements Reactions with water and oxygen Periodicity in Period 3 10 slides Animations illustrating the reaction of sodium, magnesium and chlorine with water • Summary of the reactions of period 3 elements with water Animations illustrating the reaction of period 3 elements (elements sodium to sulfur) with oxygen • Summary of the reactions of period 3 elements with oxygen Calculating oxidation states in reactions of period 3 elements and oxygen Identifying missing words about reactions of period 3 elements with water and oxygen Reactions of oxides 17 slides • • • • Guide to the physical properties of period 3 oxides Virtual experiment investigating the reactivity of period 3 (elements sodium to potassium) oxides with water Virtual experiment investigating the reactivity of sulfur oxides with water Alkaline oxides, insoluble oxides and acidic oxides Matching period 3 oxides to the pH of the solution they form after reacting with water Identifying true-or-false statements about period 3 oxides and water The reactions of Na2O and MgO with acids The amphoteric nature of Al2O3 The reactions of SiO2, P4O10 and SO2 with bases Identifying missing substances in the reactions of period 3 oxides with acids and bases Summary activities Glossary of keywords in the presentation Identifying the correct definition of selected keywords in the presentation Identifying key trends in period 3 elements and their oxides Multiple-choice quiz 2015 14/24 Boardworks Year 2 Chemistry Contents Guide Polymers Addition polymers 8 slides • Overview of different types of polymer • Naming addition polymers Guide to common addition polymers Identifying addition polymers • Disposal of addition polymers Condensation polymers Polymers 12 slides • Overview of condensation polymers Animation illustrating the formation of esters from carboxylic acids and alcohols, and the formation of polyesters from dicarboxylic acids and diols, including the formation of PET Animation illustrating the formation of amides from carboxylic acids and amines, and the formation of polyesters from dicarboxylic acids and diamines, including the formation of nylon-6,6 and Kevlar • Disposal of condensation polymers • Acidic and basic hydrolysis of polyesters and polyamides • Recycling polymers Identifying statements as referring to either addition polymers or condensation polymers Identifying types of polymer: addition, polyester or polyamide Identifying the polymers from the monomers which they are formed from Summary activities Glossary of keywords in the presentation Identifying the correct definition of selected keywords in the presentation Multiple-choice quiz 2015 15/24 Boardworks Year 2 Chemistry Contents Guide Qualitative Analysis Qualitative analysis 5 slides • Introduction to qualitative and quantitative analysis • Summary of types of tests used to identify ions Precipitation reactions 5 slides • Overview of precipitation reactions • Uses of precipitation reactions to test for ions • Using a Buchner funnel to isolate precipitates Qualitative Analysis Identifying negative ions: precipitates 9 slides • • • • • Identifying carbonates using dilute hydrochloric acid Identifying halides using silver nitrate and the colours of silver halide precipitates Identifying sulfates by adding barium chloride to create a white precipitate Identifying sulfites by adding dilute hydrochloric acid Identifying nitrates by heating with aluminium powder and sodium hydroxide Activity completing a table about tests for negative ions Identifying positive ions: precipitates 8 slides • How to identify metal ions by the colour of their hydroxide precipitates • How to distinguish between the white precipitates: aluminium hydroxide, calcium hydroxide and magnesium hydroxide Virtual experiment identifying metal ions by precipitation reactions • Identifying ammonium Linking tests for metal ions to their results Identifying positive ions: flame tests 5 slides • Overview of flame tests to identify metal ions Animation explaining why metals burn with a coloured flame Virtual experiment identifying metals using flame tests Summary activities Virtual experiment to identify unknown sodium compounds Glossary of chemical tests used to identify ions 2015 16/24 Boardworks Year 2 Chemistry Contents Guide Redox Reactions Redox equations 11 slides • Introduction to oxidation states Rules for assigning oxidation states Identifying the oxidation state of different species Identifying missing words about oxidation states • Introduction to half equations • Guide to combining and balancing half equations Balancing equations when given two half equations Half cells Redox Reactions 13 slides • Introduction to half cells Animation introducing electrode potentials and the creation of electrochemical cells using two half cells, a salt bridge and a voltmeter Virtual experiment combining different half cells to create electrochemical cells Animation introducing the standard hydrogen electrode Virtual experiment combining different half cells with a standard hydrogen electrode • Cell diagrams and the electrochemical series • Calculating the e.m.f of an electrochemical cell, Ecell, including worked examples Activity to calculate Ecell for different combinations of half cells Feasibility of reactions 6 slides • Guide to determining the feasibility of reactions using standard electrode potentials Identifying whether different redox reactions are feasible or not Cells and batteries 12 slides • Overview of electrochemical cells, including rechargeable and non-rechargeable cells How an electrochemical cell works • Introduction to primary cells Guide to different types of secondary cells Identifying the reactions in a zinc–carbon cell Identifying primary and secondary cells • Definition of a battery Guide to a lead–acid battery Calculating the e.m.f. of cells and batteries 2015 17/24 Boardworks Year 2 Chemistry Contents Guide Fuel cells 15 slides • Overview of fuel cells, and the reactions taking place in a hydrogen fuel cell Animation illustrating how a hydrogen fuel cell works Labelling species in a hydrogen fuel cell • Methods of producing hydrogen gas Guide to different methods of storing hydrogen • Introduction to hydrogen-rich fuels Animation illustrating how a direct methanol fuel cell works Identifying the reactions taking place in a direct methanol fuel cell • Development of an ethanol fuel cell Identifying properties of fuel cell vehicles and conventional vehicles Guide to different opinions about a hydrogen economy • How fuel cell technology has been applied to modern breath alcohol testers Redox Reactions Summary activities Glossary of keywords in the presentation Identifying the correct definition of selected keywords in the presentation Two multiple-choice quizzes 2015 18/24 Boardworks Year 2 Chemistry Contents Guide Structure Determination Mass spectrometry 10 slides Structure Determination • Overview of mass spectrometry, including fragmentation Animation illustrating how fragmentation can help to identify compounds Animation illustrating the fragmentation of carbonyl compounds Activity to interpret mass spectra • Uses of mass spectrometry Infrared spectroscopy 7 slides • Overview of infrared spectroscopy Infrared spectra of different functional groups Activity to interpret infrared spectra • Uses of infrared spectroscopy NMR spectroscopy 18 slides Animation illustrating how NMR spectroscopy works Animation illustrating carbon-13 NMR spectroscopy Activity to interpret 13C NMR spectra • Chemical shift and the use of TMS as a reference compound Activity to assign peaks on 13C NMR spectra Animation illustrating proton NMR spectroscopy Activity to interpret 1H NMR spectra • Integration of 1H NMR spectra Animation illustrating the process of spin coupling, including the n+1 rule Activity to interpret splitting patterns on 1H NMR spectra Activity to assign peaks on 1H NMR spectra • Uses of NMR spectroscopy 2015 19/24 Boardworks Year 2 Chemistry Contents Guide Chromatography 9 slides • Overview of chromatography Animation illustrating thin layer chromatography Animation illustrating column chromatography Animation illustrating gas-liquid chromatography • Overview of high performance liquid chromatography Identifying true-or-false statements relating to chromatography Combined techniques Structure Determination 14 slides • Overview of combining analytical techniques • The process for identifying a compound, including a worked example Multiple-choice quiz Summary activities Glossary of keywords in the presentation Identifying the correct definition of selected keywords in the presentation Multiple-choice quiz 2015 20/24 Boardworks Year 2 Chemistry Contents Guide Thermodynamics Enthalpy changes 7 slides Thermodynamics • Introduction to enthalpy changes Guide to different types of enthalpy change Identifying the correct equation for various enthalpy changes • Introduction to bond enthalpies Calculations involving enthalpy change using bond enthalpies, including full working out Born-Haber cycles 10 slides Animation explaining Born–Haber cycles Guide to constructing a Born–Haber cycle for NaCl • Born–Haber cycle for MgCl2 Completing Born–Haber cycles and calculations based on them Identifying the correct answer to calculations based on Born–Haber cycles • Lattice formation enthalpies Animation illustrating polarisation, covalent character and their affect on lattice enthalpies Identifying missing words relating to polarisation and lattice enthalpies Enthalpies of solution 6 slides • Standard enthalpy of solution and standard enthalpy of hydration Animation illustrating the use of Hess’s Law to calculate enthalpy of solution Calculations involving enthalpies of solution • Factors affecting enthalpy of hydration 2015 21/24 Boardworks Year 2 Chemistry Contents Guide Entropy 19 slides • • Thermodynamics • • Guide to factors, in addition to enthalpy, that allow spontaneous reactions to occur Introduction to entropy Animation illustrating entropy changes for melting and evaporation, and for reactions involving changes in the complexity of molecules Identifying whether entropy changes for particular reactions are positive or negative Calculating entropy change for a reaction Example worked calculations of entropy changes for various reactions Calculations involving entropy changes for various reactions, including full working out Animation explaining what the entropy change for the surroundings is and how to calculate it Calculations involving the entropy change for the surroundings for various reactions, including full working out Introduction to Gibbs free energy Example worked calculations of Gibbs free energy change for various reactions Calculations involving Gibbs free energy change for various reactions, including full working out Discussion of when a reaction is feasible and how to find the lowest temperature at which a reaction will be feasible Calculations involving temperatures at which various reactions become feasible, including full working out • Using Gsol to work out whether a substance will be soluble in water at a particular temperature • Using both thermodynamic and kinetic considerations to decide whether a reaction will occur Summary activities Glossary of keywords in the presentation Identifying the correct definition of selected keywords in the presentation Multiple-choice quiz 2015 22/24 Boardworks Year 2 Chemistry Contents Guide Transition Metal Reactions Transition metal colours Transition Metal Reactions 12 slides • Why compounds appear coloured • Why transition metal ions absorb light Animation of energy changes in d orbitals • Factors affecting the colours of transition metal complexes Identifying true-or-false statements relating to colours of complex ions • Using UV–Vis spectroscopy to determine the concentration of complex ion solutions Animation illustrating how to determine the concentration of a solution using UV-Vis spectroscopy • Improving UV–Vis spectroscopy by exchanging ligands Hydrolysis reactions 13 slides • Overview of hydrolysis reactions • Differing acidity of aqua ions Ordering aqua ions by acidity, using charge and ionic radius • Hydrolysis reactions of M2+ and M3+ ions • Reactions of aqua ions with bases, including ammonia, hydroxide ions and carbonate ions Virtual experiment exploring the reaction of bases with aqua ion solutions Selecting the correct numbers to balance hydrolysis equations • Amphoteric character Matching reaction terms with their definitions Ligand substitution reactions 11 slides • Introduction to ligand substitution reactions Virtual experiment exploring ligand substitution reactions Identifying reactants and conditions in acid–base and ligand substitution reactions • An overview of stability constants • The chelate effect Predicting the direction of reversible ligand substitution reactions based on entropy • Ligand substitution in haemoglobin 2015 23/24 Boardworks Year 2 Chemistry Contents Guide Redox reactions 6 slides • Redox reactions in transition metals • Oxidation of cobalt(II) • Reduction of chromium(VI) Identifying the type of reaction Redox titrations Transition Metal Reactions 11 slides • Introduction to redox titrations Identifying missing words relating to the oxidation states of manganese Virtual experiment exploring a potassium manganate(VII) titration Guide to calculating potassium manganate(VII) titration results, including full working out • Introduction to potassium dichromate(VI) titrations Identifying missing numbers in ionic equations for the reaction of potassium dichromate(VI) with Fe2+ ions Guide to calculating potassium dichromate(VI) titration results, including full working out • The reaction of iodine and thiosulfate ions Calculations involving the reaction of iodine and thiosulfate ions, including full working out Summary activities Glossary of keywords in the presentation Identifying the correct definition of selected keywords in the presentation Multiple-choice quiz 2015 24/24
