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Birck Nanotechnology Center Diamond Photonics Zhou Fang, Zhuoxian Wang Birck Nanotechnology Center Outline • Classical property and application of diamond • Defects (NV-center) in diamond • Imaging application: – Biomarking – Microscopy, nanoscopy – Magnetometry • Quantum information – Quantum bit – Coupling with photonic cavities and plasmonic structures, hyperbolic metamaterials. • Structures to enhance collection efficiency. Birck Nanotechnology Center Properties of Diamond • Optical properties – Moderate refractive index of 2.4 – Transparent form deep-ultraviolet to the infrared – Isotropy • Thermal properties – Excellent thermal conductor – Low thermal expansion – Low thermal-optics coefficient • Chemically inert • Hardness Birck Nanotechnology Center Properties of Diamond • Wideband semiconductor – Band gap 5.5eV at room temperature Christoph E. Nebel, Nature Materials 12, 780–781 (2013) Birck Nanotechnology Center Classical Application • • • • Diamond lens Laser windows Vacuum windows Raman laser Birck Nanotechnology Center Diamond Raman Laser Reproduced from Optical Engineering of Diamond Rich Mildren, James Rabeau Birck Nanotechnology Center Defects in Diamond • • • • • Substitutional defects Vacancy defects Interstitial defects Line defects Plane defects Reproduced from wikipedia.org Birck Nanotechnology Center James E. Shigley, Optical Defects in Diamond:A Quick Reference Chart, 2013, GIA’s laboratory in Carlsbad, California. Birck Nanotechnology Center NV center • luminescence spectrum from 640 to 720 nm • The spontaneous emission lifetime in bulk is about 12 ns • In a diamond nanoparticle 25 ns James E. Shigley, Optical Defects in Diamond: A Quick Reference Chart, 2013, GIA’s laboratory in Carlsbad, California. Birck Nanotechnology Center NV center Excitation wavelength 514 nm. J. Wrachtrup, phys. stat. sol. (a) 203, No. 13, (2006) From description of Jason Petta’s group Birck Nanotechnology Center Imaging: Biomarking • High brightness • High stability • Biocompatibility Chang, H. C. Nano Lett. 10, 3692–3699 (2010). Mohan, N. Adv. Mater. 22, 843–847 (2009). Birck Nanotechnology Center Confocal Microscopy • Diffraction limit (Abbe’s equation): λ D= 2n sin(α ) V. Sandoghdar, Journal of Microscopy, Vol. 202, April 2001 Birck Nanotechnology Center STED Microscopy • (Stimulated emission depletion)STED • Modified Abbe’s equation: λ 1 D= ⋅ 2n sin(α ) 1 + I / Isat 532nm 775nm Stefan W. Hell, Nat. Photon., VOL 3, MARCH 2009 Stefan W. Hell, Opt. Express, 2008 Birck Nanotechnology Center STED Microscopy Stefan W. Hell, NATURE PHOTONICS, VOL 3, MARCH 2009 Birck Nanotechnology Center STED Microscopy • No bleaching! Stefan W. Hell, NATURE PHOTONICS, VOL 3, MARCH 2009 Birck Nanotechnology Center Magnetometry • ms=0 bright state • optically induced spin polarization (more than 90%) δE = geµBB 0 Fedor Jelezko & Jorg Wrachtrup, Nature, vol 455, 2008 Birck Nanotechnology Center Magnetometry Fedor Jelezko & Jorg Wrachtrup, Nature, vol 455, 2008 Birck Nanotechnology Center Quantum information Why we can consider NV center as a quantum bit? How to readout a quantum bit? How to control a quantum bit? From description of Jason Petta’s group Birck Nanotechnology Center Quantum information • Exhibits quantum behavior at room temperature. – Weak spin-orbit coupling – Weak magnetic interactions with other spins • 14N spin 1+, 12C spin 0+, 13C spin ½- aC = (σ 1 + σ 2 + σ 3) / 3 aN = σN ex = (2σ 1 − σ 2 − σ 3) / 6 ey = (σ 2 − σ 3) / 2 a1(1) = αaC + β aN a1(2) = αaN + β aC energy ⇒ a1(1) < a1(2) < {ex , ey} M D Lukin, New Journal of Physics 13 (2011) Birck Nanotechnology Center Quantum information • Quantum information is lost after about one millisecond • On-chip waveguides can change the N-V center spin within 10 nanoseconds CNOT gate David D. Awschalom, UCSB, 2007 After 20ms, no decay Lukin, Harvard U Birck Nanotechnology Center NV center in Cavity The major outstanding hurdle lies in interconnecting many nitrogen vacancies for large-scale computation Andrei Faraon, Raymond G. Beausoleil et al. Nature Photonics, 2011 The modes of the microdisk could be red-shifted by injecting xenon gas into the cryostat. Birck Nanotechnology Center NV center in Cavity Paul E. Barclay, Oskar Painter et. al. California Institute of Technology Optics Express, 2009 (i) The microdisk has no significant effect on the measured NV emission spectrum. (ii) Fano lineshapes (interference between the cavity and taper spontaneous emission channels.) (iii) simple drop filter on the emission radiated into the fiber. Birck Nanotechnology Center NV center in Cavity Silica microspheres Hailin Wang’s group, UniVersity of Oregon Nano Letters, 2006 Stefan Schietinger, Oliver Benson et al. Nano Letters, 2009 Birck Nanotechnology Center NV center in photonic crystal cavity Marko Lončar’s group, Nano Letters, 2013 Controlled blue-tuning of a cavity mode via oxygen etching. Diamond nanobeams quality factors up to 6000 Enhancement of the NV center’s ZPL fluorescence by a factor of ∼7 in low-temperature measurements Birck Nanotechnology Center Coupling with Surface Plasmons - SPPs Wave–particle duality of single surface plasmon polaritons Jörg Wrachtrup’ group, Nature Physics, 2009 Universität Stuttgart, Germany Birck Nanotechnology Center Identification of single photon source NV Continue wave laser (c), Pulse laser (d) Brahim Lounis and Michel Orrit, Rep. Prog. Phys. 2005. Birck Nanotechnology Center Coupling with Surface Plasmons - SPPs Particle Wave Birck Nanotechnology Center Coupling with Surface Plasmons – SPPs Efficient Coupling of a Single Diamond Color Center to Propagating Plasmonic Gap Modes Ulrik L. Andersen’s group, Technical University of Denmark, Nano Letters, 2013 “An efficient coupling of an NVcenter to an easily accessible gap plasmon mode is demonstrated and we measure an enhancement of the spontaneous emission decay rate by a factor of 8.3.” Birck Nanotechnology Center Coupling with Surface Plasmons - LSPRs Plasmon-Enhanced Single Photon Emission from a Nanoassembled Metal-Diamond Hybrid Structure at Room Temperature Oliver Benson’s group, Berlin Germany Nano letters, 2009 An increase of the radiative decay rate by a factor of 5.8 and 8.9 for configuration A and B, respectively Birck Nanotechnology Center NV Center on hyperbolic metamaterials Broadband enhancement of spontaneous emission from nitrogen-vacancy centers in nanodiamonds by hyperbolic metamaterials Vladimir Shalaev’s group APL, 2013 Birck Nanotechnology Center Structures to Enhance Collection Efficiency Strongly enhanced photon collection from diamond defect centres under micro-fabricated integrated solid immersion lenses J. P. Hadden, J. G. Rarity et al. University of Bristol APPLIED PHYSICS LETTERS, 2010 An increase of a factor of 10 was observed in the saturated count-rate from a single NV center within a 5 μm diameter SIL compared with a planar surface in the same crystal. Birck Nanotechnology Center Structures to Enhance Collection Efficiency A diamond nanowire single-photon source Marko Lončar’s group, Nature Nanotechnology, 2010 Birck Nanotechnology Center Structures to Enhance Collection Efficiency First, coupling optical power to a nanowire waveguide allows for an order of magnitude more efficient excitation . Second, the nanowire modifies the NV center farfield emission. Birck Nanotechnology Center Conclusion NV center as single photon source for quantum information 1) Long-lived spin coherence 2) Capability for individual optical initialization, readout and information storage 3) Interconnecting many NV centers for large-scale computation: photonic cavity, plasmonic structures, hyperbolic metamaterials