Download Diamond Photonics

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Diamond Photonics
Zhou Fang, Zhuoxian Wang
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Outline
• Classical property and application of diamond
• Defects (NV-center) in diamond
• Imaging application:
– Biomarking
– Microscopy, nanoscopy
– Magnetometry
• Quantum information
– Quantum bit
– Coupling with photonic cavities and plasmonic structures, hyperbolic
metamaterials.
• Structures to enhance collection efficiency.
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Properties of Diamond
• Optical properties
– Moderate refractive index of 2.4
– Transparent form deep-ultraviolet to the infrared
– Isotropy
• Thermal properties
– Excellent thermal conductor
– Low thermal expansion
– Low thermal-optics coefficient
• Chemically inert
• Hardness
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Properties of Diamond
• Wideband semiconductor
– Band gap 5.5eV at room temperature
Christoph E. Nebel, Nature Materials 12, 780–781 (2013)
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Classical Application
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Diamond lens
Laser windows
Vacuum windows
Raman laser
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Diamond Raman Laser
Reproduced from Optical Engineering of Diamond Rich Mildren, James Rabeau
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Defects in Diamond
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Substitutional defects
Vacancy defects
Interstitial defects
Line defects
Plane defects
Reproduced from wikipedia.org
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James E. Shigley, Optical Defects in Diamond:A Quick Reference Chart, 2013, GIA’s laboratory in Carlsbad, California.
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NV center
• luminescence spectrum from 640 to 720 nm
• The spontaneous emission lifetime in bulk is about 12 ns
• In a diamond nanoparticle 25 ns
James E. Shigley, Optical Defects in Diamond: A Quick Reference Chart, 2013, GIA’s laboratory in Carlsbad, California.
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NV center
Excitation wavelength 514 nm.
J. Wrachtrup, phys. stat. sol. (a) 203, No. 13, (2006)
From description of Jason Petta’s group
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Imaging: Biomarking
• High brightness
• High stability
• Biocompatibility
Chang, H. C. Nano Lett. 10, 3692–3699 (2010).
Mohan, N. Adv. Mater. 22, 843–847 (2009).
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Confocal Microscopy
• Diffraction limit (Abbe’s equation):
λ
D=
2n sin(α )
V. Sandoghdar, Journal of Microscopy, Vol. 202, April 2001
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STED Microscopy
• (Stimulated emission depletion)STED
• Modified Abbe’s equation:
λ
1
D=
⋅
2n sin(α ) 1 + I / Isat
532nm
775nm
Stefan W. Hell, Nat. Photon., VOL 3, MARCH 2009
Stefan W. Hell, Opt. Express, 2008
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STED Microscopy
Stefan W. Hell, NATURE PHOTONICS, VOL 3, MARCH 2009
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STED Microscopy
• No bleaching!
Stefan W. Hell, NATURE PHOTONICS, VOL 3, MARCH 2009
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Magnetometry
• ms=0 bright state
• optically induced spin polarization (more than 90%)
δE = geµBB 0
Fedor Jelezko & Jorg Wrachtrup, Nature, vol 455, 2008
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Magnetometry
Fedor Jelezko & Jorg Wrachtrup, Nature, vol 455, 2008
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Quantum information
Why we can consider NV center as a quantum bit?
How to readout a quantum bit?
How to control a quantum bit?
From description of Jason Petta’s group
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Quantum information
• Exhibits quantum behavior at room temperature.
– Weak spin-orbit coupling
– Weak magnetic interactions with other spins
•
14N
spin 1+, 12C spin 0+, 13C spin ½-
aC = (σ 1 + σ 2 + σ 3) / 3
aN = σN
ex = (2σ 1 − σ 2 − σ 3) / 6
ey = (σ 2 − σ 3) / 2
a1(1) = αaC + β aN
a1(2) = αaN + β aC
energy ⇒ a1(1) < a1(2) < {ex , ey}
M D Lukin, New Journal of Physics 13 (2011)
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Quantum information
• Quantum information is lost after about one millisecond
• On-chip waveguides can change the N-V center spin within 10
nanoseconds
CNOT gate
David D. Awschalom, UCSB, 2007
After 20ms, no decay
Lukin, Harvard U
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NV center in Cavity
The major outstanding hurdle lies in interconnecting many nitrogen vacancies for
large-scale computation
Andrei Faraon, Raymond G. Beausoleil et al.
Nature Photonics, 2011
The modes of the microdisk could be red-shifted
by injecting xenon gas into the cryostat.
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NV center in Cavity
Paul E. Barclay, Oskar Painter et. al.
California Institute of Technology
Optics Express, 2009
(i) The microdisk has no significant effect
on the measured NV emission spectrum.
(ii) Fano lineshapes (interference between
the cavity and taper spontaneous emission
channels.)
(iii) simple drop filter on the emission
radiated into the fiber.
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NV center in Cavity
Silica microspheres
Hailin Wang’s group, UniVersity of Oregon
Nano Letters, 2006
Stefan Schietinger, Oliver Benson et al. Nano Letters, 2009
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NV center in photonic crystal cavity
Marko Lončar’s group, Nano Letters, 2013
Controlled blue-tuning of a cavity mode via
oxygen etching.
Diamond nanobeams
quality factors up to 6000
Enhancement of the NV center’s ZPL fluorescence by a
factor of ∼7 in low-temperature measurements
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Coupling with Surface Plasmons - SPPs
Wave–particle duality of single surface plasmon polaritons
Jörg Wrachtrup’ group, Nature Physics, 2009
Universität Stuttgart, Germany
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Identification of single photon source
NV
Continue wave laser (c), Pulse laser (d)
Brahim Lounis and Michel Orrit, Rep. Prog. Phys. 2005.
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Coupling with Surface Plasmons - SPPs
Particle
Wave
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Coupling with Surface Plasmons – SPPs
Efficient Coupling of a Single Diamond Color Center to Propagating Plasmonic
Gap Modes
Ulrik L. Andersen’s group,
Technical University of Denmark,
Nano Letters, 2013
“An efficient coupling of an NVcenter to an easily accessible gap
plasmon mode is demonstrated
and we measure an enhancement
of the spontaneous emission
decay rate by a factor of 8.3.”
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Coupling with Surface Plasmons - LSPRs
Plasmon-Enhanced Single Photon Emission from a Nanoassembled Metal-Diamond
Hybrid Structure at Room Temperature
Oliver Benson’s group, Berlin Germany
Nano letters, 2009
An increase of the radiative decay rate by
a factor of 5.8 and 8.9 for configuration A
and B, respectively
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NV Center on hyperbolic metamaterials
Broadband enhancement of spontaneous emission from nitrogen-vacancy centers
in nanodiamonds by hyperbolic metamaterials
Vladimir Shalaev’s group
APL, 2013
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Structures to Enhance Collection Efficiency
Strongly enhanced photon collection from diamond defect centres under micro-fabricated
integrated solid immersion lenses
J. P. Hadden, J. G. Rarity et al. University of Bristol
APPLIED PHYSICS LETTERS, 2010
An increase of a factor of 10 was observed in the
saturated count-rate from a single NV center within
a 5 μm diameter SIL compared with a planar
surface in the same crystal.
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Structures to Enhance Collection Efficiency
A diamond nanowire single-photon source
Marko Lončar’s group, Nature Nanotechnology, 2010
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Structures to Enhance Collection Efficiency
First, coupling optical power to a nanowire
waveguide allows for an order of magnitude more
efficient excitation .
Second, the nanowire modifies the NV center farfield emission.
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Conclusion
NV center as single photon source for quantum
information
1) Long-lived spin coherence
2) Capability for individual optical initialization,
readout and information storage
3) Interconnecting many NV centers for large-scale
computation: photonic cavity, plasmonic structures,
hyperbolic metamaterials