Download Chapter 11

Spencer A. Rathus
Jeffrey S. Nevid
Chapter 11
Combating Cardiovascular Disease,
Cancer, and Other Major Diseases
Vicki L Boye, PhD • Concordia University – Nebraska
Chapter 11
Combating Cardiovascular Disease, Cancer
and Other Major Diseases
Learning Outcomes:
 Describe the cardiovascular systems
 Discuss the major forms of cardiovascular disease
 Describe methods of diagnosing and treating cardiovascular
disease
 List and discuss the risk factors for cardiovascular disease
 Discuss the nature of cancer and how it develops
 List and discuss the causes of cancer
 Discuss the similarities and differences among various types
of cancer
 Discuss the nature, incidence, and control of diabetes
 Discuss the major forms of chronic obstructive pulmonary
disease
Cardiovascular System
Consists of heart, circulatory system, and blood
Heart: size of clenched fists, pumps 5+ qts every minute
Cardiovascular System
Cardiovascular System
• The heart pumps an average of 2,000 gallons of
blood a day. In a lifetime (65 yr. old) that is about
• 46 million gallons or
• 72 Olympic Swimming Pools!!!
Heart Rate
per Minute
60
80
100
60
80
100
Age
Total Beats
65
65
65
65
75
75
2,049,840,000
2,733,120,000
3,416,400,000
2,365,200,000
3,153,600,000
3,942,000,000
Circulatory System
• System or network of blood vessels that carries
blood throughout the body
Arteries: funnel oxygen-rich (except for
pulmonary arteries) blood away from the heart
Capillaries: connect arteries and veins, bring
blood directly to cells, exchange with waste
products and deoxygenated blood for transport
back to heart
Veins: Transport deoxygenated blood (except
for pulmonary veins) back to heart
Blood
• Carries oxygen, nutrients, hormones, and
antibodies cells and carts away cellular waste
products and carbon dioxide
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•
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Blood Plasma – straw-colored liquid part
Erythrocytes – red blood cells (hemoglobin)
Leukocytes – white blood cells (immune system)
Platelets – (blood clotting)
Most blood cells produced in blood marrow,
lymphocytes (WBC) produced in lymph glands
Cardiovascular Disease
• Cardiovascular disease describes diseases of the
heart and blood vessels such as high blood
pressure, coronary heart disease (CHD), heart
failure, stroke, and congenital defects.
• CVD is the cause of 37% of all deaths in the United
States.
• Two out of every three people with diabetes die from
CVD.
• Lifetime risk for CVD is two in three for men and
more than one in two for women at 40 years of age.
• The best defense against CVD is to prevent it from
developing in the first place.
Cardiovascular Disease
Cardiovascular Disease
Coronary heart disease (CHD)
•
•
Flow of blood to heart is insufficient to meet the
heart’s needs
Commonly results from arteriosclerosis – hardening
of the arteries
Atherosclerosis – plaque build-up
Cardiovascular Disease
Coronary heart disease (CHD)
• Greatest killer, accounting for nearly one in six
deaths in the United States
• Myocardial infarction (MI) or heart attack
• Approximately 785,000 new heart attacks and
470,000 recurrent heart attacks occur each year.
• An MI involves an area of the heart that suffers
permanent damage because its normal blood
supply has been blocked.
Cardiovascular Disease
Inflammation – can result in heart attack
Know the signs of a heart attack
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Intense, prolonged chest pain
Pain extending beyond the chest
Prolonged pain in the upper abdomen
Shortness of breath
Fainting or weakness
 Heavy perspiration, nausea, or vomiting
 Anxiety and fear
Don’t wait – Seek medical attention immediately!
Cardiovascular Disease
Angina Pectoris
• Heart pain arising from insufficient blood flow
Hypertension – high blood pressure
• ‘Silent killer’
• 90% of cases – cause is unclear
Cardiovascular Disease
Congestive Heart Failure
• Heart is unable to pump out as much blood as it
receives, leading to pooling of blood in the veins,
lungs, and extremities
• Signs: swelling (edema), shortness of breath
Congenital Heart Defects
Arrhythmias – irregular or abnormal heart beat
Tachycardia – abnormally fast
Bradycardia – abnormally slow
Stroke (Cerebrovascular accident)
• blood flow blocked to area of brain
• Three major types
• Cerebral thrombosis (blood clot)
• Cerebral embolism (blood clot from another part
of body breaks free and travels to brain)
• Hemorrhagic stroke – blood vessel ruptures,
blood leaks into brain tissue
• Transient Ischemic Attacks (TIAs)
• Mini-stroke, resolve quickly
• Often early warning signs of stroke
Diagnosis of CVD
• Diagnostic Tests – different purposes
•
•
•
•
•
•
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Blood tests
Chest x-ray
ECG or EKG
Exercise ECG – stress test
Radionuclide imaging
MRI
Angiogram
CT or CAT scan
Treatment of Heart Disease
Medications
Statins, anticoagulants, thrombolytic agents, beta blockers,
vasodilators, calcium channel blockers, nitroglycerine
Coronary Artery Bypass
Coronary Angioplasty
Heart Transplants
Time is critical for treatment of
heart attacks and strokes
DON’T WAIT!
Risk Factors for Cardiovascular Disease
Factors You Can’t Control
 Age
Controllable Factors
 Hypertension
 Blood Cholesterol
 Gender
 Triglycerides
 Heredity
 Obesity
 Race/Ethnicity
 Diabetes
 Smoking
 Inactivity
 Negative Emotions
Cancer
• Malignant (cancerous) tumors
• Begins with change in cell triggered by mutations
in cell’s DNA
Oncogenes – cause uncontrolled proliferation of body
cells – leading to tumors
Suppressor genes – normally curb cell division and
suppress the development of tumors
• Carcinogens – external cancer-causing agents
• About half of Americans will develop cancer, ¾
after the age of 55
Cancer (cont.)
• More the half of cancer deaths could be
prevented by adopting healthy behaviors
•
•
•
•
Physical activity
Avoiding tobacco use
Health eating
Regular screening
• Early detection and treatment critical to surviving
• Know the early signs and symptoms (Prevention 11-2)
• Self-exams and screenings
Causes of Cancer
Smoking and Diet
2 out of 3 cancer deaths
Other Factors:
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Obesity
Alcohol
Environmental Factors
Sun Exposure
Infectious Agents
Genetic Factors
Inactivity
Types of Cancer
• Classified by type of tissue or organ
Carcinoma
Sarcoma
Lymphoma
• Classified by location
Leukemia
Melanoma
Major Forms of Cancer
• Breast Cancer (1 in 8 women)
Risk factors: age, family history, obesity, HRT,
Treatment: surgery, chemotherapy, radiation, hormone
treatment
Prevention: exercise, diet, avoid gaining weight
• Ovarian Cancer
Detections: Difficulty to detect in early stages
Risk Factors: family history, no children, history of other
cancer, early menarche, late menopause
Treatment: surgery, radiation, chemotherapy
Major Forms of Cancer
• Cervical Cancer
Detection: Pap test
Risk Factors: associated with HPV – vaccine available
• Uterine (Endometrial Cancer)
• Lung Cancer
Prevention: Avoid smoking and exposure to second hand
smoke, mitigate high levels of radon
• Testicular Cancer
“young man’s cancer, self-exam critical to early detection
Major Forms of Cancer
• Colorectal Cancer
2nd leading cancer killer
Risk factors: family history, age, diet high in fat – low in
fiber; inactivity
Prevention: Key is identifying and removing
precancerous polyps
• Prostate Cancer
2nd most common cancer in men
Screening test after 50: Digital rectal exam, PSA, TRUS
Treatment: surgery, radiation, hormone therapy
Risk Factors: age, family history, race, dietary fat
Major Forms of Cancer
• Skin Cancer – most common type of cancer in US
Non-melanoma – highly curable
Melanoma – most deadly form
Risk Factors:
sun exposure: UVA, UVB
tanning lamps
Warning Signs:
A – asymmetry
B – border irregularity
C – color
D – diameter > 6 mm
E – evolving
Major Cancer
• Oral Cancer
Most result from tobacco use
Treatment: surgery and radiation
• Leukemia – cancer of the blood cells
• Lymphoma
Hodgkin’s Disease – lymph cells grow abnormally
Non-Hodgkin’s Lymphoma – more prevalent
• Pancreatic Cancer
Most deadly
Higher risk: smokers, high fat diet, diabetes, male
Diabetes
Type 1 Diabetes
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Insulin-dependent, body’s own immune system
destroys insulin producing cells in pancreas
Typically develops in children & young adults
Requires daily insulin injections
Type 2 Diabetes
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Non-insulin-dependent, body fails to use insulin
properly (insulin resistance), pancreas eventually
loses ability to produce insulin
Obesity primary risk - epidemic

African Americans & Mexican Americans higher risk
Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease
In COPD, breathing passages are partially
obstructed – making breathing difficult
Emphysema
destruction of air sacs – alveoli
causes shortness of breath, especially after exertion
Chronic Bronchitis
inflammation of lining of the bronchial tubes
leads to build up of phlegm, causing hacking cough,
shortness of breath, and wheezing