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Rising 8th Grade English Summer Review English 8 Summer Review Summer Vocabulary Review – Bring home your vocabulary book and review the words over the summer. Take the final mastery test at the end of the book and check your answers. Work on those words that you have not mastered. Summer Grammar Review The information that follows has been taught in grade 7. Some of this information, including many of the parts of speech definitions, has been taught from grade 4. Students should study this information and be prepared to be tested on the following early in the first quarter of the school year: parts of speech, nouns plurals and case, declension of personal pronouns, linking verbs, auxiliary verbs, conjugation of a verb, irregular verbs, prepositions, steps for analyzing a sentence, definitions of phrase, clause, independent and dependent clauses. The Parts of Speech Definitions (First Quarter) 1. Interjection – A word that expresses strong or sudden emotion. 2. Verb – A word or group of words that expresses action or state of being. 3. Adjective – A word that describes or limits nouns or pronouns. 4. Noun – A word that names a person, place, thing or idea. 5. Conjunction – A word that connects words, phrases or clauses in a sentence. 6. Adverb – modifies, describes a verb, adjective, or other adverb. 7. Pronoun – a word that takes the place of or stands for a noun. 8. Preposition – word or group of words that relates nouns, pronouns, phrases and clauses to some . other word in a sentence Nouns – 1. Kinds of nouns – Review the definitions of these proper/common, collective, concrete, abstract and be able to identify the different types. 2. Qualities of nouns Person – First, the speaker Second –the one spoken to Third – the one spoken about Number You should review the rules for noun plurals. Gender- masculine, feminine, neuter(objects). Some nouns may be masculine or feminine. Case - the quality of a noun that shows its relation so some other word or words in the sentence. a. nominative – Subject, subjective complement, direct address, apposition to a noun in nominative case. b. objective – Direct object, object of a preposition, indirect object, adverbial objective, cognate object, apposition to a noun in the objectivecase. c. Possessive 1. Singular possessive - Add ‘s to the singular form of the noun 2. Plural possessive – First, make the noun plural. Next, if the plural noun ends in s just add an apostrophe (‘). If the plural noun does not end in s add an ‘s 3. In compound nouns the ‘s is added to the end of the word. Pronouns – Case is the quality of a noun that shows its relations to some other word in the sentence. There are three cases: nominative, possessive and objective. (First Quarter) Declension of Personal Pronouns Singular Plural First person Nominative Possessive Objective I my, mine me Nominative Possessive Objective you your, yours you we our, ours us Second person Nominative Possessive Objective Third person he, she, it his, her, hers, its him, her, it you your, yours you they their, theirs them Review relative pronouns and case – who, whom, whose, which and that Review interrogative pronouns and case – who, whom, whose, which, what Review indefinite pronouns – plural – few, many, several, both sing/plural – some, any, none, all, most singular – all others Verbs (First Quarter) Linking Verbs – Memorize these: appear, become, continue, feel, grow, look, remain, seem, smell, sound, taste, to be. Remember that linking verbs may be followed by a subjective complement. Action verbs may be followed by a direct object. Auxiliary Verbs-Any verb used with the principal verb is called an auxiliary verb: am, is, are, was were, do, did, shall, will, should, would, may, can, might, could, have, has, had. Verb Tenses -If you have not already done so, commit to memory the principle parts of the irregular verbs attached (from your English text). If you know the principle parts of a verb, you will be able to conjugate it in all tenses. You should be able to conjugate a verb in the three simple tenses. In the seventh grade you will be expected to conjugate it the three perfect tenses as shown below using to choose as an example. Students must know the rules of verb conjugation. Present tense: Use the present principal part, add a s for the third person singular Past tense: Use the past principal part Future: Use shall/will plus the present principal part Present Perfect: Use to have in the present plus the past participle Past Perfect: Use to have in the past plus the past participle Future Perfect: Use to have in the future plus the past pariciple To choose Present (present/future) choose Past (used for past) chose Past Participle ( perfect tenses, passtive voice) chosen Present Tense Singular First person I choose Second person you choose Third person he, she, it chooses Past Tense Singular First person I chose Second person you chose Third person he,she,it chose Present Participle (used for progressive mood) choosing Plural we choose you choose they choose Plural we chose you chose they chose Future Tense Singular First person I shall/will choose Second person you will/shall choose Third person he,she,it will/shall choose Plural we shall/will choose you shall/will choose they shall/will choose Present Perfect Tense Singular First person I have chosen Second person you have chosen Third person he,she,it has chosen Plural we have chosen you have chosen they have chosen Past Perfect Tense Singular First person I had chosen Second person you had chosen Third person he,she,it had chosen Plural we had chosen you had chosen they had chosen Future Perfect Tense Singular First person I shall/will have chosen Second person you will/shall have chosen Third person he,she,it will/shall have chosen Plural we shall/will have chosen you will/shall have chosen they will/shall have chosen Voice – When a verb is in the active voice the subject is the doer of the action. When a verb is in the passive voice, the subject is the receiver of the action. (to be + past participle) Transitive verbs express an action that passes from a doer to a receiver Intransitive verbs have no receiver of the action. Irregular and Troublesome verbs to lie and to lay You must know how the principal parts of the common irregular verbs in your textbook and how to use to lie and to lay. to lie means to rest/recline and its principle parts are: lie, lay, lain To lay mean to put/place and its principle parts are: lay, laid, laid Subject –Verb Agreement - Verbs should agree with their subjects, both in personal and numbers. Review and master the rules in the subject/agreement worksheet. Prepositions – Know the common prepositions listed in your textbook at a minimum. And know that the noun following the proposition is called the object of the preposition. (First Quarter) About, above, across, after, against, among, around, at, before, behind, beside, between, by, down, during, except, for, from, in near, of , off, on, over, through, to , toward , under, up, with. Learning the song helps. You may be asked to recite these in September. Remember a subject, subjective complement, direct object can never be in a prepositional phrase. Conjunctions - coordinate (joins words, phrases, clauses of equal rank), correlative (related words, not only, but also) and subordinate (begin a subordinate clause) 1. Coordinate conjunctions connect words, phrases and clauses of equal rank: and, or, nor, but, and yet 2. Coorelative conjunctions are coordinate conjunctions used in pairs: not only…but also, either…or, neither…nor, both…and 3. Subordinate conjunctions connect clauses of unequal rank: after, although, as, because, before, for , if provided, since, so, than, that , then, unless, until, when, where, while, as soon as, as if, in order that, inasmuch as, provided that, so that. 4. Conjunctive adverbs – adverbs used to connect two independent clauses (consequently, therefore etc.) Sentence Diagramming – Review the method of analyzing sentences and diagramming them with linking verbs, action verbs, and prepositional phrases and appositives, implied subjects, compound subjects and compound verbs, dependent clauses. (First Quarter) Method of Analyzing a sentence 1. Find the verb, note if action or linking 2. Bracket prepositional phrases 3. Find the subject 4. If linking verb look for Subject Complement e 5. If action verb look for direct object, indirect object 6. Note adjectives and adverbs Clauses and Sentences - Definitions 1. Phrase – A group of related words that is used as a single part of speech. (First Quarter) 2. Clause – A group of words containing a subject and a predicate (verb). (First Quarter) 3. Independent/principal clause – has a subject and verb and expresses a complete thought. (First Quarter) 4. Dependent/subordinate clause – has a subject and a verb but does not express a complete thought. (First Quarter) adjectival clauses begin with relative pronoun or relative adverb adverbial clauses begin with subordinate conjunctions noun clauses – (eighth grade) . 5. Complete Subject – the subject with all its modifiers 6. Complete Predicate –the predicate with all its modifiers. 7. Natural or inverted order – natural order when the verb follows the subject, Inverted order – when the verb or auxiliary verb precedes the subject. 8. Sentences according to use – declarative (states a fact), interrogative (asks a question), imperative (expresses a command or request) exclamatory (expresses strong or sudden emotion). 9. Sentences according to form – simple - 1 independent clause, but subject or verb may be compound compound - 2+ independent clauses complex - 1 independent clause, 1+ dependent clause compound-complex – 2+ independent clauses and 1+ dependent clauses (in eighth grade)