Download English 8 - Corpus Christi School

Rising 8th Grade
English
Summer Review
English 8 Summer Review
Summer Vocabulary Review – Bring home your vocabulary book and review the words
over the summer. Take the final mastery test at the end of the book and check your answers. Work on
those words that you have not mastered.
Summer Grammar Review
The information that follows has been taught in grade 7. Some of this information, including many of the
parts of speech definitions, has been taught from grade 4. Students should study this information and be
prepared to be tested on the following early in the first quarter of the school year: parts of speech,
nouns plurals and case, declension of personal pronouns, linking verbs, auxiliary verbs, conjugation
of a verb, irregular verbs, prepositions, steps for analyzing a sentence, definitions of phrase, clause,
independent and dependent clauses.
The Parts of Speech Definitions (First Quarter)
1.
Interjection – A word that expresses strong or sudden emotion.
2.
Verb – A word or group of words that expresses action or state of being.
3.
Adjective – A word that describes or limits nouns or pronouns.
4.
Noun – A word that names a person, place, thing or idea.
5.
Conjunction – A word that connects words, phrases or clauses in a sentence.
6.
Adverb – modifies, describes a verb, adjective, or other adverb.
7.
Pronoun – a word that takes the place of or stands for a noun.
8.
Preposition – word or group of words that relates nouns, pronouns, phrases and clauses to some .
other word in a sentence
Nouns –
1. Kinds of nouns – Review the definitions of these proper/common, collective, concrete, abstract and be
able to identify the different types.
2. Qualities of nouns
Person –
First, the speaker
Second –the one spoken to
Third – the one spoken about
Number
You should review the rules for noun plurals.
Gender- masculine, feminine, neuter(objects). Some nouns may be masculine or feminine.
Case - the quality of a noun that shows its relation so some other word or words in the sentence.
a. nominative – Subject, subjective complement, direct address, apposition to a noun in nominative case.
b. objective – Direct object, object of a preposition, indirect object, adverbial objective, cognate object,
apposition to a noun in the objectivecase.
c. Possessive
1. Singular possessive - Add ‘s to the singular form of the noun
2. Plural possessive – First, make the noun plural.
Next, if the plural noun ends in s just add an apostrophe (‘).
If the plural noun does not end in s add an ‘s
3. In compound nouns the ‘s is added to the end of the word.
Pronouns – Case is the quality of a noun that shows its relations to some other word in the
sentence. There are three cases: nominative, possessive and objective. (First Quarter)
Declension of Personal Pronouns
Singular
Plural
First person
Nominative
Possessive
Objective
I
my, mine
me
Nominative
Possessive
Objective
you
your, yours
you
we
our, ours
us
Second person
Nominative
Possessive
Objective
Third person
he, she, it
his, her, hers, its
him, her, it
you
your, yours
you
they
their, theirs
them
Review relative pronouns and case – who, whom, whose, which and that
Review interrogative pronouns and case – who, whom, whose, which, what
Review indefinite pronouns – plural – few, many, several, both
sing/plural – some, any, none, all, most
singular – all others
Verbs (First Quarter)
Linking Verbs – Memorize these: appear, become, continue, feel, grow, look, remain, seem, smell,
sound, taste, to be. Remember that linking verbs may be followed by a subjective complement. Action
verbs may be followed by a direct object.
Auxiliary Verbs-Any verb used with the principal verb is called an auxiliary verb: am, is, are, was
were, do, did, shall, will, should, would, may, can, might, could, have, has, had.
Verb Tenses -If you have not already done so, commit to memory the principle parts of the irregular verbs
attached (from your English text). If you know the principle parts of a verb, you will be able to conjugate it
in all tenses. You should be able to conjugate a verb in the three simple tenses. In the seventh grade you
will be expected to conjugate it the three perfect tenses as shown below using to choose as an example.
Students must know the rules of verb conjugation.
Present tense: Use the present principal part, add a s for the third person singular
Past tense: Use the past principal part
Future: Use shall/will plus the present principal part
Present Perfect: Use to have in the present plus the past participle
Past Perfect: Use to have in the past plus the past participle
Future Perfect: Use to have in the future plus the past pariciple
To choose
Present
(present/future)
choose
Past
(used for past)
chose
Past Participle
( perfect tenses, passtive voice)
chosen
Present Tense
Singular
First person
I
choose
Second person you
choose
Third person
he, she, it chooses
Past Tense
Singular
First person
I
chose
Second person you
chose
Third person
he,she,it chose
Present Participle
(used for progressive mood)
choosing
Plural
we choose
you choose
they choose
Plural
we chose
you chose
they chose
Future Tense
Singular
First person
I
shall/will choose
Second person you
will/shall choose
Third person
he,she,it will/shall choose
Plural
we shall/will choose
you shall/will choose
they shall/will choose
Present Perfect Tense
Singular
First person
I
have chosen
Second person you
have chosen
Third person
he,she,it has chosen
Plural
we have chosen
you have chosen
they have chosen
Past Perfect Tense
Singular
First person
I
had chosen
Second person you
had chosen
Third person
he,she,it had chosen
Plural
we had chosen
you had chosen
they had chosen
Future Perfect Tense
Singular
First person
I
shall/will have chosen
Second person you
will/shall have chosen
Third person
he,she,it will/shall have chosen
Plural
we shall/will have chosen
you will/shall have chosen
they will/shall have chosen
Voice – When a verb is in the active voice the subject is the doer of the action.
When a verb is in the passive voice, the subject is the receiver of the action. (to be + past participle)
Transitive verbs express an action that passes from a doer to a receiver
Intransitive verbs have no receiver of the action.
Irregular and Troublesome verbs to lie and to lay
You must know how the principal parts of the common irregular verbs in your textbook and how to use to
lie and to lay.
to lie means to rest/recline and its principle parts are: lie, lay, lain
To lay mean to put/place and its principle parts are: lay, laid, laid
Subject –Verb Agreement - Verbs should agree with their subjects, both in personal and numbers. Review
and master the rules in the subject/agreement worksheet.
Prepositions – Know the common prepositions listed in your textbook at a minimum. And know that
the noun following the proposition is called the object of the preposition. (First Quarter)
About, above, across, after, against, among, around, at, before, behind, beside, between, by, down, during,
except, for, from, in near, of , off, on, over, through, to , toward , under, up, with. Learning the song helps.
You may be asked to recite these in September.
Remember a subject, subjective complement, direct object can never be in a prepositional phrase.
Conjunctions
- coordinate (joins words, phrases, clauses of equal rank), correlative (related words,
not only, but also) and subordinate (begin a subordinate clause)
1. Coordinate conjunctions connect words, phrases and clauses of equal rank: and, or, nor, but, and yet
2. Coorelative conjunctions are coordinate conjunctions used in pairs: not only…but also, either…or,
neither…nor, both…and
3. Subordinate conjunctions connect clauses of unequal rank: after, although, as, because, before, for , if
provided, since, so, than, that , then, unless, until, when, where, while, as soon as, as if, in order that,
inasmuch as, provided that, so that.
4. Conjunctive adverbs – adverbs used to connect two independent clauses (consequently, therefore etc.)
Sentence Diagramming – Review the method of analyzing sentences and diagramming them
with linking verbs, action verbs, and prepositional phrases and appositives, implied subjects, compound
subjects and compound verbs, dependent clauses. (First Quarter)
Method of Analyzing a sentence
1. Find the verb, note if action or linking
2. Bracket prepositional phrases
3. Find the subject
4. If linking verb look for Subject Complement e
5. If action verb look for direct object, indirect object
6. Note adjectives and adverbs
Clauses and Sentences - Definitions
1. Phrase – A group of related words that is used as a single part of speech. (First Quarter)
2. Clause – A group of words containing a subject and a predicate (verb). (First Quarter)
3. Independent/principal clause – has a subject and verb and expresses a complete
thought. (First Quarter)
4. Dependent/subordinate clause – has a subject and a verb but does not express a
complete thought. (First Quarter)
adjectival clauses begin with relative pronoun or relative adverb
adverbial clauses begin with subordinate conjunctions
noun clauses – (eighth grade)
.
5. Complete Subject – the subject with all its modifiers
6. Complete Predicate –the predicate with all its modifiers.
7. Natural or inverted order – natural order when the verb follows the subject,
Inverted order – when the verb or auxiliary verb precedes the subject.
8. Sentences according to use –
declarative (states a fact),
interrogative (asks a question),
imperative (expresses a command or request)
exclamatory (expresses strong or sudden emotion).
9. Sentences according to form –
simple - 1 independent clause, but subject or verb may be compound
compound - 2+ independent clauses
complex - 1 independent clause, 1+ dependent clause
compound-complex – 2+ independent clauses and 1+ dependent clauses (in eighth grade)