Download The Third Crusade

Bellwork
• Write down anything you know about the
Crusades.
– Why it occurred
– Consequences of it
If you’re not sure, try.
World History
Section 4, Unit 6
Middle Ages Pt. 1
Church Reform and the Crusades
Objectives
• Identify the issues facing the church
between 500 and 1000 AD
• Describe certain church reforms and their
affects on the Church
• Describe the four Crusades and what lead
up to each.
• Explain the consequences of the Crusades
on Europe.
Review
• What role did the Church play in Feudal
European life?
Issues within the Church
• Between 500 and 1000, Vikings attacked
and looted Church monasteries.
• At that time, the Church was experiencing
problems throughout their entire hierarchy.
• Over the next 300 years, the Church and
medieval life changed dramatically.
Reform
• Beginning in the 1000s, a spiritual revival
spread across Europe, led by the
monasteries.
• The reformers wanted to return to the
basics of Christianity. This new age of
religious feeling was known as the Age of
Faith.
Reform
• Many problems troubled the Church at that
time, but reformers were most concerned
by three.
– First, many village priests married and had
families– a act against church teachings.
– Second, positions in the church were sold by
bishops– also known as simony.
– Third, the practice of lay investiture continued.
Reform
• Reforms began in 910 with
the founding of the
Benedictine monastery in
Cluny, France.
• The monks there followed
strict rules.
• Soon, Cluny’s reputation
for virtue inspired the
founding of other
monasteries throughout
western Europe.
– By 1000, there were 300
monasteries existing under
Cluny’s rule.
Reform
• The changes, brought about at Cluny,
inspired the papacy.
• Pope Leo IX, who took office in 1049,
enforced church law against selling church
positions and the marriage of priests.
• Following him, Pope Gregory VII spent time
in Cluny and was determined to purify the
church.
Reform
• Popes who followed Leo and Gregory
reorganized the Church to continue the
policy of reform.
• In the 1100s and 1200s, the Church was
restructured to resemble a kingdom, with
the pope as the head.
• The pope’s group of advisors was called the
Curia.
Reform
• The Curia also acted as a court and helped
develop canon law.
• The court also decided cases based on this
power.
Reform
• Representatives of the
pope traveled through
Europe contacting
bishops and kings.
• They helped to greatly
expand the pope’s
power.
Reform
• The Church collected taxes in the form of
tithes and consumed about 1/10 of the yearly
income of every Christian family.
• The Church performed social services such
as caring for the sick and the poor and even
ran hospitals.
• By the early 1200s, the Church achieved
remarkable success in it’s reforms and
popes established their authority.
Reform
• In the early 1200s, wandering friars traveled
from place to place preaching Christ’s
teachings.
• Like monks, friars took vows of chastity,
poverty, and obedience.
• However friars did not live apart from the
world and instead preached to the poor
throughout Europe.
Reform
• The Dominicans, one
of the earliest orders
of Friars, were
founded by Dominic, a
Spanish priest.
• Because of Dominic's
emphasis on study, the
Dominicans were
scholars.
Reform
• Another order of Friars, founded by St.
Francis of Assisi, was the Franciscans.
• Originally the son of a merchant, Francis
gave up his wealth and focused on
preaching.
• While he focused much less on scholarship
than Dominic, he valued the importance of
life.
Reform
• Women, as well as men, participated.
• Women joined the Dominicans and in 1212 a
Franciscan order for women was
established.
• However, women were not allowed to travel
from place to place, but were expected to
help the poor and sick.
Reform
• Although the friars chose poverty as a way
of life, the wealth of the Church was
obvious.
• The cathedrals were built throughout
Europe and showcased the wealth of the
church.
– Cathedrals were decorated with all the richness
that people on earth could offer and were built
with the finest materials one could find at the
time.
Beginning’s of War
• The Age of Faith
inspired wars of
conquest.
• In 1093, the Byzantine
Emperor sent an
appeal to Robert,
Count of Flanders.
• The letter was also
read by Pope Urban II.
Beginnings of War
• In the letter, the emperor asked for help
against Muslim invaders, writing:
Come then, with all your people and give
battle with all your strength, so that all this
treasure shall not fall into the hands of the
Turks. . . . Therefore act while there is still
time lest the kingdom of the Christians
shall vanish from your sight and, what is
more important, the Holy Sepulchre [the
tomb where Jesus was buried] shall vanish.
And in your coming you will find your
reward in heaven, and if you do not come,
God will condemn you.
--Emperor Alexius Comnenus
Beginnings of War
• Shortly after this appeal,
Pope Urban II issued a
called for what he termed
a “holy war”, or Crusade, to
gain control of the Holy
Land.
• Over the next 200 years, a
number of such Crusades
were launched.
• The goal of these
campaigns was to recover
Jerusalem and the Holy
Land from Muslim Turks.
The Crusades
• The Crusades had both economic goals and
religious motives.
• Urban’s call brought tremendous
outpouring of religious support for the
Crusade.
• The support came from both peasants and
kings alike.
The Crusades
• By 1096, 50,000 to
60,000 knights joined
the Crusades.
• With a red cross sewn
on their tunics over
their armor and with
their battle cry, “God
wills it”, the Crusaders
marched eastward.
– Few would return.
The Crusades
• Kings and the Church used the Crusades to
remove quarrelsome knights.
• Some were young knights who were looking
for land and a position in society.
• Knights were pushed to fight by the belief
that if they died in the Crusades, they were
assured a place in heaven.
The Crusades
• The Crusades proved useful to merchants,
who made money from loaning money to
fund the Crusades.
• They also leased their ships to transport
armies across the Mediterranean.
• As well, some merchants had hoped to
secure control of trade routes to Asia.
The First Crusade
• By 1097, three armies
of knights and people
of all classes gathered
outside
Constantinople.
• Most of the Crusaders
were French, but many
came from various
other European
kingdoms.
The First Crusade
• The Crusaders were illprepared for their holy
war in this First
Crusade.
• They knew nothing of
the geography, climate,
or culture of the Holy
Land.
• They also had no
strategy to capture
Jerusalem and nobles
argued amongst
themselves and couldn’t
agree on a leader.
The First Crusades
• Aside from these issues, the Crusaders did
not set up adequate supply lines.
• Finally, after taking Constantinople, the
army of around 12,000 approached
Jerusalem and besieged the city.
• In 1099, they captured the city.
The First Crusade
The Second Crusades
• All in all, the Crusaders won a narrow strip
of land from Edessa in the North to
Jerusalem in the South.
• The Crusaders formed new states out of this
territory.
– However, these states were unprepared for a
Muslim attack.
The Second Crusade
• In 1144, Edessa was
conquered by the
Turks.
• A second Crusade
attempted to recapture
the city, but it failed.
• The armies straggled
home in defeat.
The Second Crusade
The Third Crusade
• In 1187, the Europeans
were also shocked to
learn they lost Jerusalem
to the Muslim leader
Saladin.
• Saladin was not a Turk,
but an Egyptian Kurd
who took Jerusalem
because of its
importance to Islam and
promptly removed the
Frankish leaders in the
region.
Through the capturing of
Jerusalem, Saladin had now
prompted the Third Crusade.
The Third Crusade
• The Third Crusade to recapture Jerusalem
was led by Europe’s most powerful
monarchs.
• These were French king Philip Augustus,
Frederick I (the Holy Roman Emperor), and
English king Richard the Lion Hearted.
The Third Crusade
• After Frederick I
drowned, Philip argued
with Richard and went
home.
• Richard was left to regain
the Holy Land from
Saladin.
King Philip
The Third Crusade
• Both Richard and
Saladin were ruthless
fighters .
• The two agreed to a
truce in 1192 after
many battles while
Jerusalem remained
under Muslim control.
The Third Crusade
• However, Saladin did
allow unarmed
Christian pilgrims to
freely visit the city’s
holy places.
• In 1198, the powerful
Pope Innocent III
appealed for another
Crusade to capture
Jerusalem.
Richard had little choice but to accept a
truce. His forces were unable to destroy
Saladin’s supply lines and he was no
longer able to hold on to his position.
He also feared losing control of his
kingdom to his younger brother, John.
The Third Crusade
The Fourth Crusade
• The knights who took part in the Fourth
Crusade became entangled in Italian and
Byzantine politics.
• They simply ended up looting Constantinople
in 1204, ending the Fourth Crusade and
severely weakening the Byzantine Empire.
– Pope Innocent III had saw this as God’s will and
believed it to be good to reunite the church.
However, the attack only poisoned the relationship
between the two.
The Fourth Crusade
• The crusade ended with a breach between
the Eastern and Western churches.
• This breach was caused in part by the
Crusaders’ actions and it became
permanent.
The Fourth Crusades
Dwindling Crusades
• In the late 1200s,
Crusades became
increasingly common
and unsuccessful.
• The religious zeal of
the First Crusade
faded, replaced by
personal gain.
Later Crusades
• In several later Crusades, armies marched
not to the Holy Land, but to North Africa.
• These attempts, however, did not gain
much land in the region.
Children’s Crusade
• The Children’s Crusade
took place in 1212.
• Thousands of children
were sent out for the
Holy Land, armed only
with the belief God
would give them
Jerusalem.
• The majority died from
conditions of the
journey, such as
starvation, and others
died from drowning in
the sea or were sold into
slavery.
Whether or not the Children’s
Crusade happened is still debated.
Some argue that it may have been
Europe's poor, which included
children.
Effects of the Crusades
• The failure of the later Crusades lessened
the power of the Pope, the feudal nobility,
and the knights.
• However, the Crusades had both positive
and negative effects.
Positive Effects
• The Crusades brought
to Europe new trade
goods and stimulated
trade.
– This included new
fruits, spices, and cloth
from foreign nations.
• For Muslims, the
existence of trade in
their nations brought
them new wealth.
Negative Effects
• However, the Crusades had caused a
negative attitude towards both Christians
and Jews in the Holy Land.
• Muslims had not forgotten what the
Crusaders did to them, and it left a legacy of
bitterness and hatred.
– This legacy even continues today.
Legacy of the Crusades
• The Crusades grew from the forces of
religious fervor, feudalism, and chivalry as
they came together.
• This energy caused a new growth of towns,
trade, and universities in medieval Europe.
Closure
• What were some impacts of the Crusades
that we discussed in this lesson?
Review Objectives
• Identify the issues facing the church
between 500 and 1000 AD
• Describe certain church reforms and their
affects on the Church
• Describe the four Crusades and what lead
up to each.
• Explain the consequences of the Crusades
on Europe.
Questions
• If you have any questions, please feel free to
ask.
Next Lesson
• In the next lesson, we will be discussing the
Financial Revolution of Europe following
the Crusades.
Review
1. What were the three (3) problems reformers saw
with the early Church?
2. Why did Pope Urban II call upon a Crusade to the
Holy Land?
3. Why did merchants support the Crusades? What
would they get out of it?
4. What deal did Richard the Lion Hearted make
with Saladin concerning the Holy Lands?
5. What were some positive outcomes of the
Crusades?
6. What were some negative outcomes of the
Crusades?
7. If you were a knight during the late middle ages,
why would you have wanted to go on a crusade?
What could you gain from going? Explain.