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Earth Systems 3209 Midterm Exam Ch. 1 to Ch. 8 Name _________________________ Part One [52 marks] Multiple Choice: Write the UPPERCASE letter of the correct answer in the space provided below. 1. ____ 2. ____ 3. ____ 4. ____ 5. ____ 6. ____ 7. ____ 8. ____ 9. ____ 10. ____ 11. ____ 12. ____ 13. ____ 14. ____ 15. ____ 16. ____ 17. ____ 18. ____ 19. ____ 20. ____ 21. ____ 22. ____ 23. ____ 24. ____ 25. ____ 26. ____ 27. ____ 28. ____ 29. ____ 30. ____ 31. ____ 32. ____ 33. ____ 1 34. ____ 35. ____ 36. ____ 37. ____ 38. ____ 39. ____ 40. ____ 41. ____ 42. ____ 43. ____ 44. ____ 45. ____ 46. ____ 47. ____ 48. ____ 49. ____ 50. ____ 51. ____ 52. ____ 2 1. In which branch of Earth Science is ancient life studied? (A) climatology (B) meteorology (C) paleontology (D) volcanology 2. Which statement best represents how relative time is correctly used in Earth Science? (A) Dinosaurs became extinct 65 million years ago. (B) Dykes and sills are younger than surrounding rock. (C) The rock is 500 million years old. (D) The rock unit above is older than the rock unit below. 3. Volcanic ash was deposited at the bottom of a lake as varves. If the sequence contains 240 alternating layers of light and dark sediment, how many years ago did the volcanic eruption occur? (A) 30 (B) 60 (C) 120 (D) 240 4. Which represents the shortest span of geologic time? (A) eon (B) epoch (C) era (D) period 5. If carbon-14 has a half-life of 5730 years, how many years have passed if 1/8 of the original amount of carbon remains? (A) 716 (B) 5730 (C) 17 190 (D) 34 380 6. Which is the correct order of the major divisions of geologic time from oldest to youngest? Oldest Youngest (A) Paleozoic Precambrian Cenozoic Mesozoic (B) Paleozoic Precambrian Mesozoic Cenozoic (C) Precambrian Paleozoic Cenozoic Mesozoic (D) Precambrian Paleozoic Mesozoic Cenozoic 7. Which sphere of Earth contains all life? (A) atmosphere (B) biosphere (C) geosphere (D) hydrosphere 3 8. At which boundary is the Moho located? (A) core-lithosphere (B) core-mantle (C) crust-lithosphere (D) crust-mantle 9. Which layer of Earth is relatively weak and flows like plastic? (A) asthenosphere (B) crust (C) inner core (D) lower mantle 10. Which layer of Earth’s interior shown below consists of molten nickel and iron? (A) A (B) B (C) C (D) D 11. From which source did all water on Earth originate? (A) comet impact (B) glacial melt (C) photosynthesis (D) volcanic outgassing 12. What is formed when chemical bonding joins two or more elements together in definite proportions? (A) atom (B) compound (C) isotope (D) nucleus 4 13. Which elements are most abundant in Earth’s crust? (A) aluminum and carbon (B) aluminum and oxygen (C) silicon and carbon (D) silicon and oxygen 14. Which is a native element in Earth’s crust? (A) aluminum (B) gold (C) magnesium (D) sodium 15. Which chemical formula is matched with its mineral group? 16. Which describes the streak of a mineral? (A) appearance in reflected light (B) colour in its powdered form (C) resistance to scratching (D) splitting along fractured surfaces 17. A sample of galena has a mass of 160 g and displaces 20 mL of water. What is its specific gravity? (A) 4 (B) 8 (C) 16 (D) 160 18. Given the information below, what is the order of minerals from softest to hardest? • Corundum scratches quartz. • Quartz scratches calcite. • Calcite scratches talc. Softest Hardest (A) corundum quartz calcite talc (B) corundum quartz talc calcite (C) talc calcite corundum quartz (D) talc calcite quartz corundum 5 19. Which most likely forms due to high temperature and pressure? (A) conglomerate (B) gneiss (C) sandstone (D) shale 20. Which pair of rocks have the same mineral composition? (A) andesite and basalt (B) andesite and rhyolite (C) gabbro and basalt (D) gabbro and rhyolite 21. Which best describes the silica composition of rhyolite and basalt? 22. Which best describes a rock with a porphyritic texture? (A) large crystals of equal size (B) large crystals surrounded by many small crystals (C) small crystals of equal size (D) small crystals surrounded by many large crystals 23. From the graph below, which best describes the concentration of pyroxene in felsic and mafic rocks? 6 24. In the diagram below, where would you most likely find a rock with a vesicular texture? (A) A (B) B (C) C (D) D 25. Which rock type would be formed furthest from the mouth of a river? (A) breccia (B) conglomerate (C) sandstone (D) shale 26. Which best represents the phrase, “well sorted”, when describing sediment? (A) composed of distinct bedding planes (B) composed of only one type of mineral (C) contains grains of different sizes (D) contains grains of similar size 27. Which occurs at the boundary of an igneous intrusion and existing rock? (A) contact metamorphism (B) cross bedding (C) pillow basalts (D) regional metamorphism 28. Which rock is formed when a lithified sand dune becomes metamorphosed? (A) gneiss (B) marble (C) quartzite (D) slate 29. Which plate boundary is associated with island arc volcanoes? (A) convergent (B) divergent (C) rift valley (D) transform 7 30. Which is an example of hotspot volcanism? (A) Aleutian Trench (B) Hawaiian Islands (C) Himalayan Mountains (D) San Andreas Fault 31. Which is represented in the diagram below? (A) cinder cone (B) composite volcano (C) pyroclastic cone (D) shield volcano 32. Which volcano will produce basaltic lava when it erupts? (A) cinder (B) composite (C) shield (D) stratovolcano 33. Which mineral is the main source of zinc? (A) galena (B) gypsum (C) hematite (D) sphalerite 34. What is indicated by the letter “A” in the diagram below? (A) contact metamorphism (B) regional metamorphism (C) thrust fault (D) unconformity 8 35. Which resource is present at the Voisey’s Bay site in Labrador? (A) asbestos (B) crude oil (C) iron (D) nickel 36. Which is a hard, black coal which generates high energy when burned? (A) anthracite (B) bituminous (C) lignite (D) peat 37. Which type of fossil is represented by footprints and worm burrows? (A) body (B) external mold (C) internal mold (D) trace 38. In which rock will fossils most likely form? (A) basalt (B) gneiss (C) granite (D) limestone 39. Which factor is most important for the formation of a fossil? (A) burial in coarse sediment (B) high rates of mechanical weathering (C) presence of hard body parts (D) slow burial in a deep water environment 40. In which era did fossils first become abundant in the rock record? (A) Cenozoic (B) Mesozoic (C) Paleozoic (D) Precambrian 9 41. The table below shows four layers of sedimentary rock found in a cliff section. A geologist working at another cliff section has discovered a layer of similar sedimentary rock that contains brachiopods and snails. The newly discovered layer is most similar to which layer? (A) 1 (B) 2 (C) 3 (D) 4 42. Which is the correct evolutionary sequence of organisms from oldest to youngest? Oldest Youngest (A) amphibian fish mammals reptiles (B) amphibian fish reptiles mammals (C) fish amphibian mammals reptiles (D) fish amphibian reptiles mammals 43. In which environment did the trilobite fossils most likely form? (A) deep water and high energy (B) deep water and low energy (C) shallow marine and high energy (D) shallow marine and low energy 44. Which became extinct at the end of the Mesozoic era? (A) birds (B) dinosaurs (C) invertebrates (D) mammals 45. Which theory describes the origin of the solar system? (A) Big Bang (B) Geocentric (C) Nebular (D) Outgassing 10 46. Which geologic principle states that in an undisturbed sedimentary sequence, the bottom layer is oldest? (A) correlation (B) horizontality (C) superposition (D) uniformitarianism 47. Which sphere includes groundwater? (A) atmosphere (B) biosphere (C) geosphere (D) hydrosphere 48. Which letter in the diagram indicates cross-cutting? (A) A (B) B (C) C (D) D 49. Which describes the covalent bonding that occurs between atoms in a water molecule ? (A) sharing of electrons (B) sharing of protons (C) transfer of electrons (D) transfer of protons 50. According to Moh’s hardness scale, which mineral is softest? (A) apatite (B) diamond (C) gypsum (D) quartz 51. Which best explains the difference in density between continental and oceanic crust? (A) composition (B) crystallization (C) porosity (D) state 11 52. At which point below would the coarsest sediment be located? (A) A (B) B (C) C (D) D 12 Part Two [26 marks] Answer the questions on this paper and give complete explanations and/or show all workings for full credit. 53. Two mineral samples that look similar are known to be quartz and calcite. Explain two ways how you can distinguish quartz from calcite. [2 marks] 13 54. The diagram below represents the decay pattern of a radioactive isotope in an igneous rock sample. The half life of the radioactive isotope is 2.3 million years. Use the pattern to determine the age of the rock and show your working in the box below. [2 marks] 55. According to the solar nebular hypothesis, describe how the solar system formed. [2 marks] 14 56. Geologists represent the interior of Earth as having different physical layers. Explain the importance of radioactive decay and gravitational forces in the segregation of Earth’s interior. [2 marks] 57. Based on the definition of a mineral, ice would be considered a mineral and coal would not. Explain why this is true. [2 marks] 15 58. A mineral sample was studied and the following data obtained. Using the data, determine the mineral’s specific gravity. [2 marks] 59. Explain how sedimentary rocks may eventually form metamorphic rocks. [2 marks] 16 60. Both granite and rhyolite are classified as felsic rocks; however, their textures are very different. Describe the texture of each and explain why these textural differences occur. [2 marks] Texture of Granite: Reason: Texture of Rhyolite: Reason: 61. Given the information in the table, draw, name and fully label the volcano described. [2 marks] 17 62. Explain two ways a beetle could become fossilized. [2 marks] 18 63. Explain two reasons why a modern day earthworm is unlikely to become part of the fossil record. [2 marks] 64. Use the diagram below to answer the following questions. Determine the sequence of events in the formation of the geological cross-section from oldest to youngest. [1 mark] What geologic feature is seen within rock unit M? [1 mark] ____________________________ Explain how this geologic feature in rock unit M would have formed. [2 marks] 19