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Chapter 5 Classical Greece Unit 2: Warring City-States World History Core Main Idea • Power and Authority – The growth of city-states in Greece led to the development of several political systems, including democracy Why it matters now? • Many political systems in today’s world mirror the varied forms of government that evolved in Greece Terms and Names • • • • • • • • • • Polis Acropolis Monarchy Aristocracy Oligarchy Tyrant Democracy Helot Phalanx Persian Wars Setting the Stage • Dorian period Greece experienced a decline • 2 things changed: – 1. Developed a new personal culture (not ancestral) – 2. Government changed from tribal to more formal city-state structure Rule and Order in Greek City-States • 750 BC, city-states (POLIS) was the political unit in Greece – Made up of a city and its surrounding country – 50-500 square miles – Fewer than 10,000 residents – People gathered in two spots to discuss government • 1. AGORA: Marketplace • 2. ACROPOLIS: Fortified hilltop Athenian agora to the left Greek acropolis to the right Rule and Order in Greek City-States Greek Political Structure Monarchy • State ruled by a king • Rule is hereditary • Some rulers claim divine right • Practiced in Mycenae by 2000BC Aristocracy • State ruled by nobility • Rule is hereditary and based on family ties, social rank, and wealth • Social status and wealth support rulers’ authority • Practiced by Athens prior to 594BC Oligarchy • State ruled by a small group of citizens • Rule is based on wealth or ability • Ruling group controls military • Practiced by Sparta by 500BC Direct Democracy • State ruled by its citizens • Rule is based on citizenship • Majority rule decides vote • Practiced by Athens by about 500BC Rule and Order in Greek City-States Tyrants Seize Power • Many clashes about power in city-states between common people and nobility • Tyrants: individuals who seized control of government by appealing to the common people for support – Work for interest of ordinary people (unlike today) Athens Builds Limited Democracy • Representative government took hold in Athens • Rich and poor clashed BUT solved issues quickly – Moved toward DEMOCRACY (rule by the people) • Citizens participated directly Athens Builds Limited Democracy Building a Democracy • Steps towards democracy – 1. Draco: 621BC • Developed a legal code based on Athenian idea, rich and poor equal under the law • Extremely harsh with criminals and types of punishment • Had debt slavery Athens Builds Limited Democracy • Steps toward democracy con’t. – 2. Solon: 594BC • Outlawed debt slavery • Organized Athens into four social groups – Only citizens in the top three levels can hold public office • All citizens participated in government – Athenian Assembly • Bring charges against a wrongdoer Athens Builds Limited Democracy • Steps towards democracy con’t 2 – 3. Cleisthenes: 500BC • Broke up power of nobility by organizing citizens in ten groups based on where they lived rather than wealth • Increased power of assembly by allowing all citizens to present laws for debate and passage • Council of 500 – Proposed laws and counseled assembly – Members chosen by lot • Citizenship: free, adult males, who owned property – Women, slaves, foreigners were excluded and had few rights Athens Builds Limited Democracy Athenian Education • Sons of wealthy received formal education – – – – Age 7 Prepared to be good citizens Reading, grammar, poetry, history, math, and music Expected to debate in assembly also taught logic and public speaking (rhetoric) – Important to develop and train body – so they also spent each day in athletic activities • Military school when older (duty of citizens) • Girls educated at home by moms – Child rearing, cloth weaving, cooking, clean house, and to be good wives/mothers – Few learned to read and write Ancient Athens SPARTA Sparta Builds A Military State • Located on the Peloponnesus • Cut off by rest of Greece by Gulf of Corinth • Completely different from much of Greece, especially Athens • Built a military state Sparta Dominates Messenians • 725BC Sparta conquered Messina and neighboring lands – Messenians became HELOTS (peasants forced to stay on land they worked) • Had to give ½ of crops to Spartans • Messenians revolted in 650BC-Sparta barely won=VOWED TO BE STRONGER Sparta Builds A Military State Sparta’s Government and Society • Branches of government: – 1. Assembly: all Spartan citizens and elected officials. • Voted on major issues proposed by Council of Elders – 2. Council of Elders: 30 older citizens • Proposed laws to Assembly – 3. 5 Elected Officials • carried out laws passed by Assembly – 4. Two Kings • In charge of military Sparta Builds A Military State Sparta’s Government and Society con’t. • Social Groups – 1. Citizens: descendants of original inhabitants • Included ruling families who owned land – 2. Noncitizens: were free, worked in commerce and industry – 3. Helots: little better than slaves, field workers or home servants Sparta Builds A Military State Spartan Daily Life • 600-371BC Sparta had strongest Army – No personal expression • RESULT: didn’t value art, literature, or intellect – VALUED: duty, strength, and discipline over freedom, individuality, beauty, and learning – Men in Army till 60 years old (life centered on training) Sparta Builds A Military State Spartan Daily Life Con’t. • Age 7: moved into Army barracks – Stayed until 30 – Daily Life: marching, exercising, and fighting – Only light tunics and no shoes – Slept without blankets and on hard surfaces – Little food (encourage to steal for more) • Age 30: join military • Age 60: Council of Elders Sparta Builds A Military State • Spartan Daily Life Con’t 2. – Girls: • Received military training, put love for Sparta above all (even family) – “Come back with your shield or on it.” – Women: • Much freedom (run estate while husbands gone) Persian Wars • Greatest danger Athens and Sparta faced was the invasion of Greece by the Persians A New Kind of Army Emerges • Shift from bronze to iron weapons made military service more affordable • PHALANX: military formation – Became the most powerful fighting force in the ancient world • Side by side, locking shields, and holding spears = moved as one. Persian Wars Battle of Marathon • Persian Wars began in Ionia on the coast of Anatolia – Persians attacked Ionia – Athens sent ships of aid the Ionians (Greeks) – Persian King Darius defeated Ionians and vowed to destroy Athens (for interfering) • 490BC Persian fleets cross the Aegean Sea with 25,000 men and landed on the northeast plain of Athens called Marathon – Waiting were 10,000 Athenians in the phalanx – Persians defeated: they wore light armor and were not use to the land – Several hours later the Persians fled Persian Wars Pheidippides Brings News • Fearing the Persians would retreat to Athens the leaders of the Army sent a young messenger to send word to Athens of victory • Pheidippides ran 26 miles – When he reached Athens he yelled “Nike” (Goddess of Victory) – Collapsed and died • The Athenians got to Athens in time to see the Persians getting closer and defended the city Persian Wars Thermopylae and Salamis • 10 years later Xerxes (Darius’ son) assembles Army to crush Athens • Greeks were divided – 1. Fought with Athens – 2. Fought with Persians – 3. Didn’t fight – thought if Persians defeated Athens they would leave Greece • Xerxes’ army met little resistance Persian Wars Thermopylae and Salamis con’t • Thermopylae – Narrow mountain pass – 7000 Greeks (300 Spartans) • Stopped Persian advance for three days • Traitor gave Xerxes the location of the secret path • Spartans held Persians while other retreated Persian Wars Thermopylae and Salamis con’t 2 • Salamis – Thermistocles (Athenian leader) got Greeks to turn the war into a sea battle – Positioned boats in narrow passage called Salamis • Persian ships were to large to turn in channel and the Greeks used that to their advantage and defeated the Persians – 479 BC crushed Persians in Battle of Plataea Persian Wars Thermopylae and Salamis con’t 3 • Greeks formed the Delian League: citystate alliance – Took name from island of Delos where the headquarters were located – City-states gave money and ships to belong to the League Consequences of Persian Wars • New sense of confidence and freedom • Athens emerges as leaders of Delian League – – – – 200 member states Will become little more than provinces to Athens Will use power over other league members Moved headquarters from Delos to Athens • Burst of wealth in Athens will lead to its Golden Age Olympics