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Science Grade 7 2015 # of Questions 7.5A - Recognize that radiant energy from the Sun is transformed into chemical energy through the process of photosynthesis; The Sun emits radiant energy towards Earth’s surface. Some of this radiant energy is in the form of light. Photosynthesis is a chemical reaction that occurs in plants. During this reaction, carbon dioxide absorbs from the atmosphere and water absorbs from the soil. The chemical energy produced from the reaction is in the form of sugar also referred to as glucose. Oxygen also produces and releases into the atmosphere. The chemical energy or glucose stores in plants, which sustains life on Earth. Essential Questions 2 • What is photosynthesis? • What role does the Sun play in the interaction of matter and energy during photosynthesis? • What forms of energy conversions occur during the process of photosynthesis? 7.5B - Demonstrate and explain the cycling of matter within living systems such as in the decay of biomass in a compost bin 2 Soil contains decomposers, such as bacteria and fungus, which break down decayed biomass. This process produces thermal energy, gases (such as carbon dioxide and nitrogen), and simple molecules (such as water). This matter is released back into the soil and atmosphere to be reused by producers to make food and to grow. Carbon is essential to life and cycles in many forms within living systems. Carbon dioxide in the atmosphere enters the leaves of plants and is used in the process of photosynthesis to make glucose. Some animals eat plants and use the carbon of the glucose for energy and daily functions. When animals breathe, carbon dioxide is released into the air. When animals die, organic compounds which contain carbon in their body are broken down by decomposers and returned to the soil to be used by other plants and microorganisms. Nitrogen is another element essential to life. It is cycled from the atmosphere to living things and back into the atmosphere. Nitrogen in the atmosphere enters soil and is broken down by bacteria into a usable form that is absorbed by the roots of plants. Plants use nitrogen for growth and productivity. Animals eat plants and also use nitrogen to grow and function. Decomposers break down nitrogen compounds within decaying plants and animals, which returns to the soil and atmosphere. Water is a simple molecule that is cycled throughout living systems and the atmosphere. Plants absorb water from soil through their roots and use it for photosynthesis. During this chemical reaction, water molecules are broken down into oxygen atoms that are released into the atmosphere and hydrogen atoms that are used to form glucose, the energy stored in plants. Essential Questions Key Concepts Student Expectation Key Concepts Student Expectation Summer Promotion Test Blueprint Science, Grade 7 • How can the decay of biomass be explained and related to the carbon, nitrogen and water cycles? • How can you use a food web example to demonstrate and explain the cycling of carbon within living systems? • How can you use the decay of biomass in a compost bin to demonstrate and explain the cycling of nitrogen within living systems? • Why is the water cycle a key component in the cycling of matter within living systems? The Sun is our ultimate source of energy. Producers are able to transform the energy of the Sun to make food, and consumers eat producers or other consumers to obtain energy. Decomposers break down plant and animal remains and waste into molecules that producers can reuse to make energy. Food chains show how energy is transformed as it flows from the Sun to producers to primary consumers (herbivores), to secondary consumers (carnivores that eat herbivores) to tertiary consumers (carnivores that eat carnivores). Food webs show the complex relationships of energy flow in an ecosystem that contains a variety of producers and consumers. Energy pyramids show how the amount of energy decreases as it flows from producers at the bottom of the food chain to tertiary consumers at the top of the food chain. As energy flows up the pyramid, some energy is transformed into heat. Essential Questions 2 • How do matter and energy interact in a food web or energy pyramid model? • Why is energy flow a key component in a food web or energy pyramid model? • Why is the energy flow in a food web diagram more complex than in a food chain? • What is a trophic level in a food pyramid diagram? • Why is the amount of energy available in a trophic level different from the levels that precede and follow it? 7.6A - Identify that organic compounds contain carbon and other elements such as hydrogen, oxygen, phosphorus, nitrogen, or sulfur; Compounds that contain carbon are called organic compounds. Many organic compounds often contain hydrogen, oxygen, phosphorus, nitrogen and sulfur, in addition to carbon. All living things are made up of organic compounds. Essential Questions 2 • What are some common properties of organic compounds as they are naturally formed and as they are changed during the digestive process in organisms? • What element most commonly distinguishes organic compounds from inorganic compounds? • What combination of elements commonly form organic compounds? 7.6B - Distinguish between physical and chemical changes in matter in the digestive system; 2 Physical changes include processes that change the size of a particle of a substance or its phase, but not the identity of the substance. Physical changes during digestion include teeth cutting and crushing food into smaller pieces and food churning in the stomach. A chemical change is one during which a substance is transformed into a different substance. Physical and chemical changes in matter occur in the human digestive system. Food is broken down and transformed into nutrients that the body can use. Signs of a chemical change are production of a gas, a color change, formation of a precipitate and the production of heat or light. The change is not reversible in the digestive system. Signs of a physical change also include heat production or absorption and a change in the size or phase of the substance. Mechanical digestion begins in the mouth, where your teeth break down food particles. It continues in the stomach, where your stomach muscles squeeze and break up your food. Chemical digestion of food also starts in the mouth then continues into the stomach and small intestines. This is where food is chemically broken down into essential nutrients keeping your body healthy and functioning normally. Chemical digestion changes food into fuel for your body. Mechanical digestion breaks down food particles so it is chemically digested faster. Both chemical digestion and mechanical digestion take place in the mouth and stomach. Essential Questions Student Expectation Key Concepts Student Expectation Key Concepts Student Expectation Key Concepts 7.5C - Diagram the flow of energy through living systems, including food chains, food webs, and energy pyramids. • How are physical changes different from chemical changes of matter in the digestive system? • What are some examples of physical changes that occur during the digestive process? • What evidence indicates that a physical change in matter has occurred? • What are some examples of chemical changes that occur during the digestive process? • What evidence indicates that a chemical change in matter has occurred? A molecule is formed when two or more atoms join together. Molecules can consist of two or more atoms of the same element or from more than one type of element. Large molecules are made of chains of smaller units. Our bodies take larger molecules and break them down through chemical changes during digestion to create smaller molecules that can be absorbed by the body. Carbohydrate chains are broken into simple sugars. Protein chains are broken into amino acids. Lipid chains (fats) are broken into fatty acids. Essential Questions 2 • What is a molecule? • How are large organic molecules that provide nutrients classified? • What are the molecules that result during the digestion of carbohydrates, proteins, and lipids (fats)? 7.7A - contrast situations where work is done with different amounts of force to situations where no work is done such as moving a box with a ramp and without a ramp, or standing still Work is performed when a force causes an object to move. If an object does not move, no work is done upon that object. Work is calculated by multiplying the force exerted on an object by the distance it moves in the direction of the force (W=fd). Ramps, or inclined planes and other simple machines can reduce the amount of work force needed to move an object, but they do not change the amount of work done. When the force is reduced, the distance is increased, so that the amount of work done remains the same. Friction is a force that interacts between an object and its surface and acts as an additional force that needs to be overcome to move an object. Essential Questions 2 • What is the scientific meaning of work? • What units are used to measure work? • How is work calculated? • How does the use of simple machines affect force and distance when work is done? • How can situations where force is applied but no work is done be demonstrated? 7.7B - Illustrate the transformation of energy within an organism such as the transfer from chemical energy to heat and thermal energy in digestion Organisms transform chemical energy in the food they eat into other forms of energy. Organisms break down food during digestion, transforming chemical energy in food to thermal energy. In digestion, chemical energy is also transformed to mechanical energy as an organism uses its muscles to move. Essential Questions 2 • How can transformations of energy in the body system be illustrated? • What processes during digestion transform energy stored in food to energy forms needed for bodily functions? 7.7C - Demonstrate and illustrate forces that affect motion in everyday life such as emergence of seedlings, turgor pressure, and geotropism. 2 Forces affect motion in plants as shown by an ability to overcome or respond to the force of gravity or turgor pressure, or when seedlings push upward through soil, exerting an upward force on the soil greater than the downward force of gravity. Plants grow upward against the downward force of gravity in a process known as geotropism. Even when turned, plants will recognize the force of gravity and reorient their stems upward and their roots downward. Water within a plant cell exerts a force, called turgor pressure, that pushes outward on the cell wall. The ability of a plant to maintain a strong upright position and to return to the upright position when blown by the wind is the result of the force exerted by water within each plant cell. Essential Questions Student Expectation Key Concepts Student Expectation Key Concepts Student Expectation Key Concepts Student Expectation Key Concepts 7.6C - Recognize how large molecules are broken down into smaller molecules such as carbohydrates can be broken down into sugars. • Can tugor pressure be used to illustrate and demostrate the effect of force and motion in a plant? • What forces can affect motion in plants? • How can the upward push of a seedling through soil as a result of geotropism be used to illustrate and demonstrate the effect of force and motion in a plant? Extreme weather events such as floods, hurricanes and tornadoes, are classified by the extent and intensity of their impact on the ecosystem. Floods result when rainfall exceeds the holding capacity of a drainage system. For example, water overflows the banks of a river and spreads out across its floodplain. The energy of the moving water and the layers of sediment carried by the water can uproot or bury plants, reshape the topography, and destroy roads and buildings. Hurricanes develop over warm ocean waters as an area of low pressure in the atmosphere. Over time, as more ocean water evaporates into the weather system, the air pressure in the hurricane’s eye decreases, and the intensity of the wind increases. When hurricanes move onshore, they impact the ecosystem in a variety of ways, including a storm surge of seawater along the coast. As it moves across land, intense wind damage and excess flooding events occur all along the path of the storm. Frequently, tornadoes form within hurricanes. Tornadoes are violent, rotating columns of air extending from the base of intense storm clouds. Although affecting an area much smaller in width and distance than that covered by a hurricane, tornadoes have much stronger wind speeds. Objects in the path of a tornado are totally destroyed, leaving a scar of devastation to the ecosystem. As a result of the careful study of atmospheric patterns associated with catastrophic storms, meteorologists have been able to forecast the probability, intensity, and paths of heavy rainstorms, flooding, hurricanes, and tornadoes. Essential Questions 2 • How can natural events such as floods, hurricanes, and tornadoes be predicted? • What are some catastrophic impacts on the ecosystem caused by floods? • What are some catastrophic impacts on the ecosystem caused by hurricanes? • What are some catastrophic impacts on the ecosystem caused by tornadoes? 7.8B - Analyze the effects of weathering, erosion, and deposition on the environment in ecoregions of Texas; 2 There are 10 ecoregions in Texas and each of these regions support a wide range of ecosystems, soil types and land features. These ecoregions are: East Texas Pineywoods, Gulf Coast Prairies and Marshes, Post Oak Savannah, Blackland Prairie, Crosstimbers and Prairies, South Texas Plains, Mountains and Basins, Edwards Plateau, Rolling Plains, and High Plains. Weathering is the gradual wearing down of a geological formation due physical or chemical changes to the surface of rocks. Erosion occurs when the rock or soil of Earth’s surface is moved to another location by the flow of water, ice or wind, as well as the constant pull of gravity. Deposition occurs as sediment, which is created by weathering and erosion, then moved by gravity, settles in a different location. Weathering, erosion, and deposition shape the characteristic soil and topography of each ecoregion of Texas. Essential Questions Student Expectation Key Concepts Student Expectation Key Concepts 7.8A - predict and describe how different types of catastrophic events impact ecosystems such as floods, hurricanes, or tornadoes; • How do the unique topography and other characteristics in different Texas ecoregions reflect the natural forces of weathering, erosion, and deposition? • What are the primary weathering agents? What evidence indicates that weathering processes have affected the Texas ecoregions? • What are the primary erosional agents? What evidence indicates that erosional processes have affected the Texas ecoregions? • What are the primary deposition agents? What evidence indicates that deposition processes have affected the Texas ecoregions? Essential Questions Biodiversity, or biological diversity, is the variety of life and the intricate interactions that support and link organisms together in a geographical region. Biodiversity includes a variety of genes, species, and ecosystems. The higher the biodiversity of an ecosystem, the better that ecosystem can withstand environmental stress. Hence, if biodiversity is lost, that ecosystem has less ability to withstand the same environmental stress. The biodiversity of an ecosystem depends on limiting factors, or factors that limit the ability of that habitat to sustain a population. Ecological succession is the dynamic and predictable transition of organisms that make up a community after a disturbance (either natural or human-caused) as it reaches its climax community. Succession can be primary, beginning with rock exposed by geologic activity, or secondary, where the existing community’s soil is intact. A microhabitat’s transition over time can be observed and recorded to identify the role of ecological succession as new habitats and niches are created. 4 • How might the interdependency of organisms in a specific habitat be helped or harmed as a result of changes in the ecosystem over time? • How might the biodiversity of the populations in a habitat affect organism interdependency? • What is a microhabitat? • What is a biome and what abiotic factors characterize each biome? • How might biodiversity within and between trophic levels in a habitat affect sustainability of an ecosystem? • How does the concept of ecological succession explain changes in an ecosystem? 7.11A - Examine organisms or their structures such as insects or leaves and use Dichotomous keys for identification; 2 To organize and classify large amounts of information, like plant and animal species, dichotomous keys are created and utilized. The use of and construction of dichotomous keys relies on binomial classification and observation of structures of organisms. Dichotomous keys are used for identification of organisms, such as birds, trees, insects, vertebrates, invertebrates, and flowering plants. Essential Questions Student Expectation Key Concepts Student Expectation Key Concepts 7.10A - observe and describe how different environments, including microhabitats in schoolyards and biomes, support different varieties of organisms; 7.10B -Describe how biodiversity contributes to the sustainability of an ecosystem 7.10C - observe, record, and describe the role of ecological succession such as in a microhabitat of a garden with weeds. • What tool is used to classify and identify the vast number of living organisms from one another? • How can dichotomous keys be used to classify organisms? • What are the characteristics of a dichotomous key and how do you use it? Essential Questions An adaptation is a genetic characteristic, either physical or behavioral, that allows organisms to survive and reproduce. Adaptations occur to populations, not individual organisms. How populations respond to their environment, physically or behaviorally, is diverse. For instance, some migrate, others hibernate. Additionally, others may store fat and energy in order to stay through a cold winter. Natural selection is possible because of genetic variation among individual organisms within a population. Over generations, traits that enhance survival of a species are selected over those that do not. When all members of a population have the favorable trait, it is called an adaptation. Natural selection has occurred to change virtually every species found on Earth. In the Galapagos Islands off the coast of Ecuador, the Galapagos Medium Ground Finch has developed a beak shape that is very different from other finches found in the same islands. 4 • How have changes in inherited traits over generations enhanced the survival of a species? • How can structural changes over time in living organisms enhance the survival of a species? • What is natural selection and how can it change a species over time? • How has the process of selective breeding changed food crops and domestic animals? 7.12A - Investigate and explain how internal structures of organisms have adaptations that allow specific functions such as gills in fish, hollow bones in birds, or Xylem in plants 2 Adaptations to the shape of a bird’s beak occurs due to different food sources. Some adaptations are structural, like the long neck of a giraffe, the large ears of an elephant, or the floating leaves found in lily pads. Other adaptations are behavioral such as the unique songs of humpback whales, hibernation of squirrels, or the migration pattern of the monarch butterfly. Adaptations can also be found in internal structures. The gills of a fish, the presence of hollow bones in birds, and the xylem used to transport water in plants are all examples of internal adaptations. In selective breeding, the favorable traits to be passed on to the next generation are chosen by the breeder. Careful breeding of food crops like corn and wheat have resulted in plants that yield more food per acre. Selective breeding of domestic animals like dogs have led to incredible diversity from their wolf ancestors. Essential Questions Student Expectation Key Concepts Student Expectation Key Concepts 7.11B - Explain variation within a population or species by comparing external features, behaviors, or physiology of organisms that enhance their survival such as migration, hibernation, or storage of food in a bulb 7.11C - Identify some changes in genetic traits that have occurred over several generations through natural selection and selective breeding such as the Galapagos Medium Ground Finch (Geospiza fortis) or domestic animals. • What are some physical and behavioral adaptations that have enhanced a species survival? • How have the internal structures of organisms adapted over time to meet specific functional needs of animals? The circulatory system circulates blood through the body, supplies cells with oxygen and nutrients and removes waste products. The respiratory system supplies blood with oxygen in the lungs and removes carbon dioxide. The skeletal system holds organs in place, provides a structural support for the body and its muscles, stores minerals and contains materials to make new blood cells. The muscular system allows the body to move when attached to bone, and allows movement in internal organs such as the heart and intestines. The digestive system converts food into simpler substances for the body to absorb as nutrients. Breakdown of food also provides energy for all body functions. Essential Questions 2 • What are the different systems of the human body and why are they classified as systems? • What is the main function(s) of the circulatory system? • What is the main function(s) of the respiratory system? • What is the main function(s) of the skeletal system? • What is the main function(s) of the muscular system? • What is the main function(s) of the digestive system? • What is the main function(s) of the excretory system? • What is the main function(s) of the reproductive system? • What is the main function(s) of the integumentary system? • What is the main function(s) of the nervous system? • What is the main function(s) of the endocrine system? Groups of cells, the smallest living units of a plant or animal, form tissues. Tissues with similar structures and functions form organs. Organ systems are the result of various organs working together. Organisms are the sum of all levels of organization operating together. Essential Questions 7.12C - Recognize levels of organization in plants and animals, including cells, tissues, organs, organ systems, and organisms; 2 • What are the levels of organization in the structure of plants and animals in order from the simplest to the most complex. • Why is it important to discuss levels of organization in living systems in terms of both structure and function of each level? • What are the relationships among cells, tissues, organs, and organ systems in plant and animal organisms? 7.12D - Differentiate between structure and function in plant and animal cell organelles, including cell membrane, cell wall, nucleus, cytoplasm, mitochondrion, chloroplast, and vacuole; 2 Eukaryotic plant and animal cells contain organelles that perform specific tasks for the cell’s metabolism and growth. Both plant and animal cells contain cell membranes, a nucleus that contains the chromosomes, mitochondrion (creates energy), and cytoplasm (structure and metabolism). In addition to the organelles also found in animal cells, plant cells contain chloroplasts for photosynthesis, a large central vacuole (chemical storage) and a cell wall (protection and structure). Essential Questions Student Expectation Key Concepts Student Expecta Key Concepts Student Expectation Key Concepts 7.12B - Identify the main functions of the systems of the human organism, including the circulatory, respiratory, skeletal, muscular, digestive, excretory, reproductive, integumentary, nervous, and endocrine systems; • What are the relationships among cells, tissues, organs, and organ systems in plant and animal organisms? • What is a cell membrane and what function does it serve in the cell? Is it found in plant cells, animal cells or both? • What is a cell wall and what function does it serve in the cell? Is it found in plant cells, animal cells or both? • What is a nucleus and what function does it serve in the cell? Is it found in plant cells, animal cells or both? • What is cytoplasm and what function does it serve in the cell? Is it found in plant cells, animal cells or both? • What is a mitochondrion and what function does it serve in the cell? Is it found in plant cells, animal cells or both? • What is a chloroplast and what function does it serve in the cell? Is it found in plant cells, animal cells or both? • What is a vacuole and what function does it serve in a cell? Is it found in plant cells, animal cells or both? • Why is the cell theory considered a core idea in biology? • How are the functions of a cell similar to the functions of an organism? • How does the cell theory relate to the structure and function of cells in living organisms? Essential Questions 7.13A - Investigate how organisms respond to external stimuli found in the environment such as phototropism and fight or flight 7.13B - Describe and relate responses in organisms that may result from internal stimuli such as wilting in plants and fever or vomiting in animals that allow them to maintain balance. Organisms respond to changes in the external environment in order to maintain balance. We call this balance homeostasis. The change in the external environment is called a stimulus, and the resulting reaction of the organisms is called a response. Plants may respond to an external stimulus such as touch, gravity (gravitropism), and light (phototropism). An animal may respond to an external stimulus, such as the presence of a predator by becoming aggressive or running away. Organisms have an internal announcement system to alert them of hunger, thirst, and temperature extremes to maintain homeostasis. Plants may respond to an internal stimulus such lack of water or other nutrients by either wilting or changing its growth/development. Animals respond to internal stimuli in various ways. Animals will vomit when food is spoiled or contaminated. When pathogens like bacteria or virus invade humans, the body responds by releasing chemicals to raise the core body temperature, causing a fever. 4 • What is homeostasis? How does an organism’s response to external or internal conditions relate to homeostasis? • How do plants and animals respond to external stimuli? • How do plants and animals respond to internal stimuli? 7.14A - Define heredity as the passage of genetic instructions from one generation to the next generation 7.14C - Recognize that inherited traits of individuals are governed in the genetic material found in the genes within chromosomes in the nucleus. Heredity is the process by which characteristics are transmitted from parents to their offspring. The units of inheritance are genes and are stored within the chromosomes in the nucleus of a cell. Genetic information is inherited from both parents in sexual reproduction. Inherited traits include expressed external characteristics such as eye color and hair color and internal characteristics such as blood type. Inherited traits are not affected by the organism’s surroundings. Alleles are possible variations of a gene. Alleles occur in pairs, and individuals inherit one allele from each parent. The combination of inherited alleles is the genotype of an individual. Traits that are visibly apparent are an individual’s phenotype. Both alleles are not always expressed in the offspring’s phenotype. Some alleles are dominant (always expressed) and recessive (only expressed in the absence of a dominant allele). Selective breeding is also called artificial selection. Like in natural selection, a population changes over time, and certain traits become more common. 2 Essential Questions Each organelle has a different and specific job that the others rely on for the total survival of the cell, like the waste removal role of the lysosome. The function of each organelle’s essential task can be compared with the functions of organisms to obtain energy, such as the “power factories” of mitochondria and the “storage facilities” of endoplasmic reticulum. Essential Questions Student Expectation Key Concepts Student Expectation Key Concepts Student Expectation Key Concepts 7.12E - Compare the functions of a cell to the functions of organisms such as waste removal 7.12F - recognize that according to cell theory all organisms are composed of cells and cells carry on similar functions such as extracting energy from food to sustain life. • What two factors directly affect the traits of an organism? • What is the process of asexual reproduction? How does it produce uniform offsprin+D43g? • Why does sexual reproduction result in unique combinations of DNA in each offspring? 3 1 In asexual reproduction of prokaryotic cells, DNA is replicated from the parent resulting in uniform offspring. These cells divide by binary fission. Organisms composed of eukaryotic cells can also reproduce asexually by forming spores, by budding, or by vegetative propagation. In sexual reproduction of eukaryotic organisms, DNA is combined and unique combinations of dominant and recessive traits from two parents create diverse offspring. Essential Questions Student Expectation Key Concepts 7.14B - Compare the results of uniform or diverse offspring from sexual reproduction or asexual reproduction • What two factors directly affect the traits of an organism? • What is the process of asexual reproduction? How does it produce uniform offspring? • Why does sexual reproduction result in unique combinations of DNA in each offspring? Sample Questions: Science Grade 7 1. Which best describes a process of photosynthesis? Photosynthesis is the process by which plants convert ___ A radiant energy into chemical energy. B heat energy into mechanical energy. C heat energy into chemical energy. D chemical energy into mechanical energy. 2. What role do decomposers have in contributing to the survival of other organisms in their environments? Decomposers ____ F use sunlight to make food for other organisms. G release nutrients from plants into the soil. H exhale oxygen through the process of respiration. J give off water vapor into the air during transpiration. 3. Energy obtained by an organism when it consumes food is ___ A absorbed into the bloodstream. B transformed into other forms of energy. C completely used during digestion. D passed through the body as waste. 4. A wilted plant is given water and it becomes tall and strong because of ___ F Turgor pressure G Buoyancy H Density J Osmosis 5. The map shows the various ecoregions of Texas. Which ecoregion is most vulnerable to wind erosion from hurricanes that start in the Gulf of Mexico? A Post Oak Savannah B Blackland Prairies C Edwards Plateau D Gulf Prairies and Marshes 6. Xylem is a plant tissue made up of long cells stacked end to end through the length of the plant’s stem. Which function is xylem specifically adapted to perform in plants? F Help prevent water loss G Exchange gases with the atmosphere H Capture sunlight for photosynthesis J Transport water from roots to leaves https://ali2.acceleratelearning.com/teacher_assessments/29/print 1. A test tube is filled with water and a green plant called elodea. When the plant is exposed to sunlight, it begins to produce bubbles. Which of the following is the most likely conclusion for the identity of the gas in the bubbles? A Carbon dioxide B Oxygen C Nitrogen D Hydrogen 2. The diagram provided illustrates the process of photosynthesis, including the substances used by and produced by plants. What is the identity of the chemical represented by the question mark in the diagram? A Hydrogen B Water C Carbon D Nitrogen 3. Which of the following describes an example of biomass decay in a habitat? A Bacteria break down dead plants and add nutrients to the soil B Mountain lions hunt and kill smaller mammals to get energy C Plants use sunlight to produce glucose during photosynthesis D Hot and cold temperatures weather and break down rocks 5/15/2015 9:33 AM https://ali2.acceleratelearning.com/teacher_assessments/29/print 4. Which of the following materials in a compost bin will be recycled into soil-enriching nutrients? A Aluminum cans B Plastic bottles C Old newspapers D Iron nails 5. Some students used the setup shown to model the cycling of water in a habitat. In the model, which part of a natural habitat is represented by the water droplets collecting on the bottom of the pan? A Sun’s thermal energy drying up a lake B Moisture given off by plants through leaves C Rain, snow, and other forms of precipitation D The formation of clouds in the atmosphere 6. In a food web, primary consumers get their energy by A engaging in photosynthesis. B breaking down dead organisms. C eating other primary consumers. D eating organisms known as producers. 5/15/2015 9:33 AM https://ali2.acceleratelearning.com/teacher_assessments/29/print 7. A diagram of a food web is provided. Using the diagram, provide three examples of interactions where energy flows from one organism to another. 8. Which of the following correctly shows how energy flows through a food chain? A B C D 9. Part of the Periodic Table is provided. Which of the following compounds is inorganic? A Fe2O3 B CH3COOH C C15H31CO2C30H61 D C8H10N4O2 5/15/2015 9:33 AM https://ali2.acceleratelearning.com/teacher_assessments/29/print 10. A portion of the Periodic Table is duplicated here. All of the following are organic compounds EXCEPT – A CH3CO2H. B C6H12O6. C Ca3(PO4)2. D C7H9PO3. 11. Compounds are different than elements because compounds are – A combinations of two or more elements B not able to be broken down into parts C made from the same type of atoms D a pure substance, elements are not 12. Illustrations of four compounds are provided. How many of the compounds illustrated here are organic? A1 B2 C3 D4 5/15/2015 9:33 AM https://ali2.acceleratelearning.com/teacher_assessments/29/print 13. In digestion, evidence of a chemical change can be observed when A chocolate, in solid form, melts in the mouth. B crackers gets chewed into smaller pieces. C meat is churned and squeezed in the stomach. D vegetables broken down in the intestines produce gas. 14. Which of the following is an example of a physical change in the digestive system? A Within the mouth, thermal energy melts solid food B Pepsin in the stomach breaks down protein C Saliva breaks down carbohydrates into sugars D In the intestines, fatty acids are produced from lipids 15. Which of the following is an example of a chemical change during digestion? A Muscles in the esophagus move food towards the stomach. B Protein is broken down into amino acids in the stomach. C Water is absorbed into the blood stream in the large intestine. D Teeth tear and grind food in the mouth into smaller pieces. 16. Which of the following products do carbohydrates become during digestion? A Amino acids B Fatty acids C Lipids D Sugars 5/15/2015 9:33 AM https://ali2.acceleratelearning.com/teacher_assessments/29/print 17. The table provides information about common foods and the smaller molecules they are broken into by digestion. Which list below correctly matches the substance to the large molecules of which it is composed? A B C D 18. Which of the following are the smaller units which make proteins? A Amino acids B Fatty acids C Carbohydrates D Sugars 19. Which of the following is made of a chain of amino acids? A Carbohydrates B Lipids C Proteins D Starches 20. A student lifts an object to a certain height with no tools. Another student lifts the same object to the same height using a ramp. Which of the following remains the same for both students? A The friction acting against the object B The amount of work done on the object C The horizontal distance the object travels D The force used to move the object 5/15/2015 9:33 AM https://ali2.acceleratelearning.com/teacher_assessments/29/print 21. An object is at rest on a level surface. The forces acting on it are illustrated. Which of the following correctly describes the resultant change to the object? A The object will start to accelerate towards the west. B The object will move at a constant speed to the west. C The object will start to accelerate towards the east. D The object will move at a constant speed to the east. 22. Three situations in which force is applied to a box are illustrated here. Which of the following correctly describes a comparison of these situations? A More work is done in Situation 1 than in Situation 3. No work is done in Situation 2. B The amount of work done in Situations 1 and 3 is the same. No work is done in Situation 2. C The work done in Situations 1 and 3 is the same. The most work is done in Situation 2. D More work is done in Situation 3 than in Situation 1. No work is done in Situation 2 23. Mammals maintain a constant body temperature by converting A B C D 5/15/2015 9:33 AM https://ali2.acceleratelearning.com/teacher_assessments/29/print 24. Which of the following energy transformations takes place during digestion? A B C D 25. Images of a shark tail and a dolphin tail are provided. How does the difference in the orientation of a dolphin’s tail affect how the dolphin swims? A A dolphin can swim much faster than a shark, because its tail is symmetrical. B A shark cannot swim in a straight line due to the orientation of its tail. C A dolphin moves its tail up and down and the shark moves its tail from side to side. D A shark is limited to shallow water where the density of the water is less. 26. Geotropism is a force that affects certain organisms. This force will result in which of the following? A A flower to die due to lack of water B The roots of a plant to grow downward C Animals to seek shelter on high ground D Fish to float to the surface when they die 27. A plant’s roots will always grow in a downward direction. The downward direction of root growth is a response to what force? A Friction B Gravity C Wind D Heat 5/15/2015 9:33 AM https://ali2.acceleratelearning.com/teacher_assessments/29/print 28. The strong, elastic tendons in a kangaroo’s hind legs help it travel by doing which of the following? A When compressed, the tendons store large amounts of energy for jumping. B The tendons help reduce the friction between the kangaroo and the ground. C The tendons help stabilize the kangaroo while it is in mid-air. D The kangaroo uses its tendons to control the direction in which it jumps. 29. Which of the following adaptations of a penguin contributes most to how it utilizes forces to propel itself through the water? A The coloration of a penguin exhibits high contrast. B Penguins have a layer of blubber beneath their skin. C The feathers on a penguin’s wings are densely packed. D The overall shape of a penguin is streamlined. 30. In the Edwards Plateau, the limestone rocks are highly vulnerable to chemical and physical weathering. Which of the following land formations would be expected in this area? A Canyons B Lakes C Rivers D Caves 31. In a marsh ecosystem that experiences a hurricane, which of the following would be the most likely effect? A A loss of plant life from saltwater brought in by storm surge B More burrowing animals living in the deeper soil layers C Death of most organisms due to fires from lightning strikes D Increase in diversity of organisms due to more competition 5/15/2015 9:33 AM https://ali2.acceleratelearning.com/teacher_assessments/29/print 32. The map shows the various ecoregions of Texas. Which ecoregion is most vulnerable to wind erosion from hurricanes originating in the Gulf of Mexico? A Post Oak Savannah B Blackland Prairies C Edwards Plateau D Gulf Prairies and Marshes 33. Which of the following will most likely increase the amount of erosion that occurs on the banks of a river? A Heavy rains on the mountain that is the river’s water source B High winds over the ocean to which the river flows C High temperatures increasing evaporation from the river D Ice formation at the source of the river 34. Canyons are formed by A earthquakes breaking rock layers apart. B wind smoothing out rock formations. C lava flowing from nearby volcanoes. D rivers carrying sediments that erode land. 5/15/2015 9:33 AM https://ali2.acceleratelearning.com/teacher_assessments/29/print 35. A valley will take on a U-shape as a result of the movement of A glaciers. B wind. C lava. D sand. 36. The illustration provided shows exposed layers of sedimentary rock in the High Plains region of Texas. Which of the following best explains the uneven nature of the exposed rock layers? A Different types of rock weather at different rates when exposed. B Wind speeds vary greatly over time in this region of Texas. C An ancient river deposited sediments at different rates over time. D Glacier movement always creates uneven rock formations. 37. The ocean ecosystem has a high sustainability because of A strong, persistent currents. B predator/prey relationships. C green plants growing on the bottom. D the large variety of different organisms. 38. A habitat that receives little or no precipitation will most likely be suitable for organisms that A hibernate for long periods of time. B are covered in thick fur to keep warm. C spend most of the day in the sunlight. D store large quantities of water internally. 5/15/2015 9:33 AM https://ali2.acceleratelearning.com/teacher_assessments/29/print 39. The ecosystem with the greatest sustainability will be the one that has the A greatest variety of different organisms. B highest annual precipitation. C lowest population of harmful insects. D fastest growing season for green plants. 40. A forest is most sustainable when it has A tall trees only. B small shrubs only. C flowering plants only. D a variety of plant species. 41. In a rainforest ecosystem, some plants are able to grow attached to the sides of the tallest trees. This adaptation benefits these plants by allowing them to better compete for what resources that are limited on the forest floor? A Sunlight B Water C Nutrients D Air 42. Primary succession takes place in an area where A no soil or organisms were previously present. B wildfires removed existing prairie grass species. C large organisms outcompete smaller organisms. D weeds grow in a garden next to vegetables. 5/15/2015 9:33 AM https://ali2.acceleratelearning.com/teacher_assessments/29/print 43. An abandoned garden has been cleared of all vegetation and only a layer of nutrient-poor soil remains. Which of the following will most likely be observed in the garden area first? A Squirrels building nests in trees B Weeds sprouting out of the soil C Butterflies competing for flower nectar D Beetles feeding on leaves of shrubs 44. Which of the following characteristics will most likely be helpful in identifying a butterfly using a dichotomous key? A Migrates north every spring B Hangs on branches to rest C Flutters wings faster on hot days D Hind wings have tail extensions 45. A table of arachnid and insect characteristics is shown. Which characteristic could be used to distinguish between arachnids and insects? A Jointed legs B Body segments C Presence of eyes D Presence of antennae 5/15/2015 9:33 AM https://ali2.acceleratelearning.com/teacher_assessments/29/print 46. A drawing of a leaf and a dichotomous key are provided. What leaf is shown in the drawing? A Liquidambar B Magnolia C Pine D Redbud 47. A new organism was discovered and the following observations were recorded: The organism seems to be absorbing nutrients from a rotting log. Under the microscope, the organism appears to be multicellular with nucleated cells. Based on this information, how should this organism be classified? A Kingdom Fungi B Kingdom Plantae C Kingdom Eubacteria D Kingdom Archaeabacteria 48. Mountain lions are large cats and the top predator in their habitat. A population of mountain lions may vary in several characteristics. If prey becomes more scarce, which variation would provide an advantage to the individuals that possessed it? A A spotted coat B Short fur C Long legs D Abundant whiskers 5/15/2015 9:33 AM https://ali2.acceleratelearning.com/teacher_assessments/29/print 49. Illustrations of four antlers from four specimens in a population of moose, along with other data, are provided in the table. To support antlers, male moose must expend large amounts of energy stored up from food. All other factors being equal, male moose with which antlers are best adapted to survive a particularly cold and barren winter? A Moose A B Moose B C Moose C D Moose D 50. Galapagos finches are birds that live on islands off the coast of South America. The finches on the various islands are very different from each other. As a result of the different food resources on the islands, which of the following structures of the Galapagos finches experienced the greatest change through natural selection? A Head size B Eye shape C Feather color D Beak shape 5/15/2015 9:33 AM https://ali2.acceleratelearning.com/teacher_assessments/29/print 51. A table of physical traits of chickens is provided. A breeder records the average data on three generations of chicken populations that have been bred. For which trait is the breeder most likely selectively breeding these chickens? A Longer beaks B Heavier bodies C More tail feathers D More white feathers 52. Xylem is a plant tissue made up of elongated cells stacked end to end the length of the plant’s stem. Which function is xylem specifically adapted to perform in plants? A Help prevent water loss B Exchange gases with the atmosphere C Capture sunlight for photosynthesis D Transport water from roots to leaves 53. Which internal structures of animals are specifically adapted to use contraction to cause movement? A Blood cells B Bones C Glands D Muscles 5/15/2015 9:33 AM https://ali2.acceleratelearning.com/teacher_assessments/29/print 54. Which internal structure is an adaptation that provided organisms with the function to perform gas exchange on land? A Gills B Lungs C Hollow bones D Chambered heart 55. The digestive system’s main function is to A protect the body against infectious diseases. B support and protect the body’s organs. C store nutrients until they are absorbed into the bones. D break down food to be absorbed in the bloodstream. 56. The main function of the excretory system is to A convert food into simpler substances for the body to absorb as nutrients. B exchange gases, mostly carbon dioxide and oxygen, between the body and the atmosphere. C send signals in the form of hormones to the body to control growth, reproduction, and metabolism. D filter water and fluids from the blood and remove waste products from the body. 57. The main function of the circulatory system is to A support and protect delicate organs such as the brain, lungs, and heart. B protect the body against invading organisms and infectious diseases. C pump oxygen and nutrients through the blood to every part of the body. D coordinate all actions and reactions of the body using electrical signals. 5/15/2015 9:33 AM https://ali2.acceleratelearning.com/teacher_assessments/29/print 58. Which body system converts food into simpler substances for the body to absorb? A Endocrine system B Skeletal system C Digestive system D Muscular system 59. The liver is a collection of tissues that metabolize nutrients in the body. The liver is an example of A an organism. B a cell. C an organ. D an organ system. 60. The smallest units of life that make up all living things are A tissues. B cells. C organs. D organ systems. 61. Hepatocytes are the main type of cells in the liver. Hepatocytes combine to form the next more complex level of organization, called A an organ. B a tissue. C an organism. D an organ system. 5/15/2015 9:33 AM https://ali2.acceleratelearning.com/teacher_assessments/29/print 62. Chloroplasts are oval disks containing green chlorophyll and usually arrange near the outside of a plant cell. What cellular function do they support? A Photosynthesis B Locomotion C Reproduction D Fat storage 63. The diagram illustrates some of the organelles found in a cell. Which statement best describes the central organelle indicated by the arrow in the diagram? A It is a nucleus and is found in both plant and animal cells. B It is a cell wall and is found in both plant and animal cells. C It is a central vacuole and is only found in animal cells. D It is a mitochondrion and is only found in plant cells. 64. Which two parts of the cell are unique to plant cells? A Cell membrane and cytoplasm B Cell wall and cytoplasm C Cell wall and chloroplasts D Cell membrane and chloroplasts 65. Animals exhale to get rid of carbon dioxide in the body. In what way do cells function the same? A They transport needed nutrients to various cell parts. B They break down food to obtain energy. C They remove waste created by cellular activities. D They sense stimuli and respond to their environments. 5/15/2015 9:33 AM https://ali2.acceleratelearning.com/teacher_assessments/29/print 66. The lysosomes of a cell help to break down larger food molecules into smaller molecules. What organ system functions in this manner? A Digestive system B Nervous system C Lymphatic system D Integumentary system 67. Photosynthesis in plant cells and cellular respiration in animal cells perform a similar function, which is to A obtain energy for cellular activities. B remove waste resulting from cellular activities. C respond to stimuli from the environment. D provide oxygen to the cells. 68. Cell membranes have each of the following functions EXCEPT A giving the cell a rigid, inflexible shape. B allowing water to pass into the cell. C protecting the cell from the outer environment. D regulating movement of materials in and out of the cell. 69. While sitting in a room, a person notices that the temperature has become uncomfortably warm. The body will respond by A shivering. B sweating. C twitching. D vomiting. 5/15/2015 9:33 AM https://ali2.acceleratelearning.com/teacher_assessments/29/print 70. A predator chases a prey animal. The prey is likely experiencing all of the following EXCEPT A rapid heartbeat. B dilated pupils. C increased sweating. D onset of fever. 71. Which of the following is a likely cause of vomiting? A Ingesting spoiled food B Cold temperatures C Lack of water D Excessive sunlight 72. Which of the following is a response of the body when infected with a virus? A Decreased heart rate B Craving salty foods C Blood diverted to muscles D Increased body temperature 73. Which of the following is a response to smelling food? A Rapid blinking B Excessive sweating C Increased hunger D Sensitivity to sound 5/15/2015 9:33 AM https://ali2.acceleratelearning.com/teacher_assessments/29/print 74. Which of the following statements accurately denotes the frequency of expression of dominant and recessive traits? A Dominant traits = always / Recessive = never B Dominant traits = never / Recessive = sometimes C Dominant traits = always / Recessive = sometimes D Dominant traits = sometimes / Recessive = sometimes 75. The inherited traits of an organism are governed by – A leukocytes. B genes. C cytoplasm. D enzymes. 76. Genes are located in which part of the cell? A Endoplasmic reticulum B Chromosome C Lysosome D Cytoplasm 77. The hydra is a freshwater organism that is related to the sea anemone. It reproduces by growing an offshoot of the parent organism called a bud. The evidence that budding is a form of asexual reproduction comes from the fact that the offspring - A is smaller than the parent. B is genetically identical to the parent. C feeds in the same manner as the parent. D lives in the same habitat as the parent. 5/15/2015 9:33 AM https://ali2.acceleratelearning.com/teacher_assessments/29/print 78. Certain species of whiptail lizards have only female individuals and no males. These lizards reproduce asexually. What is one disadvantage of asexual reproduction for these lizards? (2013 STAAR Q13) A A new population can be established by a single individual in a relatively short period of time. B All the members of a population are genetically very similar and less able to survive environmental changes. C They are smaller than lizards that reproduce sexually. D They are more likely to develop a variety of tail lengths. 79. Recessive traits are expressed A in one quarter of all offspring produced. B always, in all members of the population. C only when the dominant gene is not present. D if the trait is carried by the male parent. 80. The peppered moth (Biston betularia) has two forms, a white-bodied and a dark-bodied form. The table provided shows the percentages of each type in a population of these moths over several years. What change to the habitat best explains the shift in the population? A Construction of new homes reduced the available habitat of the peppered moth. B The trees on which the moths lived became less covered with black soot. C The plants on which the moth feed experienced a population explosion. D Hunting reduced the number of birds that preyed on the peppered moth. 5/15/2015 9:33 AM https://ali2.acceleratelearning.com/teacher_assessments/29/print Answer Key for: Summer Review 1. B (Standards: 7.5A) 2. B (Standards: 7.5A, 7.3B(i)) 3. A (Standards: 7.5B, 7.5B(i)) 4. C (Standards: 7.5B, 7.5B(ii)) 5. D (Standards: 7.5B, 7.3B(i), 7.5B(i)) 6. D (Standards: 7.5C, 7.5C(iii)) 7. Answers could include: Energy flows from the trees and grasses to the deer and then to the mountain lion. Energy flows from the trees and grasses to the rabbit and then the snake and then the hawk, etc. (Standards: 7.5C(ii)) 8. B (Standards: 7.5C, 7.5C(i)) 9. A (Standards: 7.6A) 10. C (Standards: 7.6A) 11. A (Standards: 6.5C, 7.6A) 12. B (Standards: 7.6A) 13. D (Standards: 7.6B) 14. A (Standards: 7.6B) 15. B (Standards: 7.6B, 8.5E) 16. D (Standards: 7.6C) 17. C (Standards: 7.6C, 7.2E(ii)) 18. A (Standards: 7.6C) 19. C (Standards: 7.6C) 20. B (Standards: 7.7A, 7.7A(i)) 21. C (Standards: 7.7A, 8.6A) 22. B (Standards: 7.7A, 7.7A(i)) 23. D (Standards: 7.7B, 7.7B(i)) 24. A (Standards: 7.7B, 7.7B(i)) 25. C (Standards: 7.7C, 7.3B(i), 7.7C(i)) 26. B (Standards: 7.7C, 7.7C(i)) 27. B (Standards: 7.7C, 7.7C(i)) 28. A (Standards: 7.7C, 7.7C(i)) 29. D (Standards: 7.7C, 7.7C(i)) 30. D (Standards: 7.8A, 7.8B(i)) 31. A (Standards: 7.8A, 7.2E(i), 7.8A(i)) 32. D (Standards: 7.8A, 7.8B(ii)) 33. A (Standards: 7.8B, 7.8B(ii)) 34. D (Standards: 7.8B, 7.8B(ii)) 35. A (Standards: 7.8B, 7.8B(ii)) 36. A (Standards: 7.8B, 7.8B(i)) 37. D (Standards: 7.10A(iii)) 38. D (Standards: 7.10A(i)) 39. A (Standards: 7.10B(i)) 40. D (Standards: 7.10B(i)) 41. A (Standards: 7.10C, 8.11B) 42. A (Standards: 7.10C(i)) 43. B (Standards: 7.10C, 8.11B) 5/15/2015 9:33 AM https://ali2.acceleratelearning.com/teacher_assessments/29/print 44. D (Standards: 7.11A(i)) 45. D (Standards: 7.11A(ii)) 46. A (Standards: 7.2E(ii), 7.11A(ii)) 47. A (Standards: 6.12D, 7.11A) 48. C (Standards: 7.11B(i)) 49. C (Standards: 7.2E(i), 7.11B(i)) 50. D (Standards: 7.11C(i)) 51. B (Standards: 7.11C, 7.14C) 52. D (Standards: 7.12A(ii)) 53. D (Standards: 7.12A(i)) 54. B (Standards: 7.12A(i)) 55. D (Standards: 7.12B(v)) 56. D (Standards: 7.12B(vi)) 57. C (Standards: 7.12B(i)) 58. C (Standards: 7.12B) 59. C (Standards: 7.12C(viii)) 60. B (Standards: 7.12C(vi)) 61. B (Standards: 7.12C(vii)) 62. A (Standards: 7.12D(vi)) 63. A (Standards: 7.12D, 7.12F) 64. C (Standards: 7.12D) 65. C (Standards: 7.12E(i)) 66. A (Standards: 7.12E(i)) 67. A (Standards: 7.12F(ii)) 68. A (Standards: 7.12D, 7.12F) 69. B (Standards: 7.13A(i)) 70. D (Standards: 7.13A(i)) 71. A (Standards: 7.13B(i)) 72. D (Standards: 7.13B(ii)) 73. C (Standards: 7.13B(i)) 74. C (Standards: 7.14A, 7.14C) 75. B (Standards: 7.14A, 7.14C) 76. B (Standards: 7.14A, 7.14C) 77. B (Standards: 7.14B) 78. B (Standards: 7.14B) 79. C (Standards: 7.14A, 7.14C) 80. B (Standards: 7.11C, 7.14C) 5/15/2015 9:33 AM