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Meiosis 1. What would happen if the chromosomes didn’t line up on the metaphase plate in mitosis? In the end, the two daughter cells would have uneven amounts of chromosomes. For example, one cell would have too many and the other would not have enough 2. What is this case called? Aneuploidy 3. Compare why mitosis and meiosis occur. What do they form? In mitosis, a cell divides to make more identical cells (body cells). In meiosis, a cell divides into 4 cells with unique genetic information. This makes sex cells 4. What is the term for “sex cells”? Gametes 5. How many copies of chromosomes are in an egg and sperm cell respectively? What is the term for this? 1 copy of each individual chromosome that undergoes meiosis. This is known as haploid. 6. Describe the makeup of homologous chromosomes, draw one. A singular chromosome (one half of the butterfly looking structure) from Mom and one from Dad that code for the same genes. These pair up to make a homologous chromosome. 7. What are the bands on the chromosomes? Why do the bands line up on homologous chromosomes? The bands are the genes found on any given chromosome. The bands need to line up so that it codes for the same trait (i.e. a hair color gene must line up with a hair color gene) 8. What is the end result of Meiosis? 4 cells that are genetically different from one another. 9. What happens to the homologous chromosomes in prophase? What crucial step happens here? They separate duplicate, so the structure would look like a butterfly connected to another butterfly. Crossing over occurs, some of the genetic material from Mom gets switched over to Dad and vice versa. 10. In anaphase I, what would the separated chromosomes look like on each side of the cell? This two chromosome pair, or structure separates. 11. In anaphase II, what would they look like? How does this change the number of cells yielded? These pairs (looks like a singular butterfly now) separate again to make sister chromatids. 12. What are the 3 ways genetic variation occurs? Briefly describe how each one achieves variation. Independent assortment: how the chromosomes are independently ordered or laid out (pattern layout) Random fertilization: a random chance of which sperm will reach the egg and fertilize it Crossing over: also known as genetic recombination (material from Mom and Dad switch)