* Your assessment is very important for improving the workof artificial intelligence, which forms the content of this project
Download BIOLOGY STUDY GUIDE Science Observation Data Inference
Survey
Document related concepts
Point mutation wikipedia , lookup
Gene therapy of the human retina wikipedia , lookup
Designer baby wikipedia , lookup
Epigenetics in stem-cell differentiation wikipedia , lookup
History of genetic engineering wikipedia , lookup
Microevolution wikipedia , lookup
X-inactivation wikipedia , lookup
Mir-92 microRNA precursor family wikipedia , lookup
Polycomb Group Proteins and Cancer wikipedia , lookup
Transcript
Science • Is an organized way of using evidence to learn about the natural world Observation • The process of gathering information about events or process in a careful, orderly way. BIOLOGY STUDY GUIDE Data • The information gathered from measurements and observations. Spontaneous Generation • Is a theory that life can arise from nonliving matter (air, water, soil) • Also know as ABIOGENSIS Inference • Is a logical interpretation based on prior knowledge or experiences. Controlled Experiment • A type of experiment where only one variable is changed at a time Hypothesis • Is a proposed scientific explanation for a set of observations. Manipulated Variable • A variable that is deliberately changed Responding variable • A variable that is observed and that changes in response to the manipulated variable. Biology • Is the science that employs the scientific method to study living things Asexual reproduction • Is when a single parent produces offspring that are identical to itself. Control Theory • An item that is used to insure that change has taken place. Placebo Evidence from numerous investigations build up Homeostasis Sexual reproduction • Living things maintain a stable internal environment. Body chemistry, water balance, etc. • Cells from two different parents unite to form the first cell of the new organism. • A way to give genetic variety to the offspring. Metabolism Stimulus • The combination of chemical reactions through which an organism builds up or breaks down materials. • A signal to which an organism responds Metric system • Is a decimal system of measurement whose units are based on certain physical standards and are scaled on multiples of 10. Electronic Microscope • Use beams of electrons, rather than light, to produce images of specimen. • TEM • SEM Atom • Basic unit of matter • Composed of Proton, Neutron and electrons Microscope Compound light microscope • Are devices that produce magnified images of structures that are too small to see with the unaided eye. • Simple Microscope is a magnifying glass. • Compound Microscope-a tube with two lenses, used to magnify small objects. • Allows light to pass through the specimen and use two lenses to form an image. Cell culture Cell fractionation • Cells that are able to reproduce, so there will be a lot of samples. Nucleus • Strong forces bind protons and neutrons together in an atom • The control center of the cell, composed of chromatin (DNA and Proteins) • To separate the different cell parts. • Centrifugation, Electron • Is a negatively charged particle with 1/1840 the mass of a proton • Most prominent property is involved with bonding Element • Is a pure substance that consists entirely of one type of atom Ionic bond • Is formed when one or more electrons are transferred from one atom to another molecule • Is the smallest unit of most compounds Isotope • Atoms of the same element that differ in the number of neutrons they contain. • The Isotopes have different atomic mass due to different number of neutrons. Thus they have slightly different properties Ion • Positively (lost electrons) and negatively (gained electrons)charged atoms • Cation-positively charged particles • Anion-negatively charge particles Van der waals force • Chemists call intermolecular forces of attractions. Compound • Is a substance formed by the chemical combination of two or more elements in definite proportions. Covalent bond • Forms when electrons are shared between atoms. Cohesion • Is an attraction between molecules of the same substance adhesion • Is an attraction between molecules of different substances. solute • The substance that is dissolved pH scale • To indicate the concentration of H ions in solution • The reciprocal log of the Hydronium ion concentration mixture • Is a material composed of two or more elements or compounds that are physically mixed together (but not chemically combined). • Mixture can be separated using ordinary methods. solvent • The substance in which the solute dissolves acid • Is any compound that forms Hydronium (H) ions in solution. solution • Are evenly distributed throughout the solution. suspension • Mixtures of water and non dissolved material base • Is a compound that produces hydroxide (OH-) ions in solution buffer • Are weak acids or bases that can react with strong acids or bases to prevent sharp, sudden changes. Lipid • Are made mostly from carbon and hydrogen atoms. Ribonucleic acid • RnA contains the sugar ribose monomer • Are smaller units Nucleic acid • Are macromolecules containing hydrogen oxygen nitrogen carbon and phosphorus. Deoxyribonucleic acid • DNA contains the sugar deoxyribose polymer • Monomers are joined togather Nucleotide • consist of 3 parts a 5 carbon sugar, a phosphate group, and a nitrogenous base Protein • Are macromolecules that contain nitrogen as well as carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen. Amino acid • Proteins are polymers of molecules (which are called amino acid) Product • Elements or compounds produced by a chemical reaction. enzyme • Are proteins that act as biological catalysts. Chemical reaction • Is a process that changes or transforms one set of chemicals into another. Activation energy Energy that is needed to get a reaction started. Substrate • The reactants of enzyme catalyzed reactions. Reactant • The elements or compounds that enter into a chemical reaction. catalyst • Is a substance that speeds up the rate of a chemical reaction. Cell • Were the basic units of life Cell theory • A fundamental concept of biology prokaryote • Are cells that do not contain nuclei Nuclear envelope • Composed of two membranes Nucleus • Is a large membrane enclosed structure that contains the cells genetic material in the form of DNA. Organelle • Are organs that can be all different sizes and types Chromatin • The granular material you can see in the nucleus eukaryote • Are cells that contain nuclei Cytoplasm • Is the portion of the cell outside the nucleus Chromosome • When a cell divides the chromatin condenses to form chromosome Nucleolus Is where the assembly of ribosome's begins Golgi apparatus • Is to modify sort and package proteins storage in the cell or secretion outside the cell Mitochondrion • Are organelles that convert the chemical energy stored in food into compounds that are more convenient for the cell to use. Ribosome • Are small particles of RNA and protein found throughout the cytoplasm. Lysosome • Are small organelles filled with enzymes Chloroplast • Are organelles that capture the energy from sunlight and convert it into chemical energy. Endoplasmic reticulum Is the site where lipid components of the cell membrane are assembled, along with proteins and other materials that are exported from the cell. Vacuole • It stores materials such as water , salts, proteins, and carbohydrates. Cytoskeleton • Is a network of protein filaments that helps the cell to maintain its shape. Centriole located near the nucleuses from and help to organize cell division. Lipid bilayer • Is a doubled layer sheet Equilibrium • A concentration of the solute is the same throughout a system. Cell membrane • Regulates what enters and leaves the cell and also provides protection and support Cell wall • A strong supporting layer around the membrane. Concentration • is the mass of solute in a given volume of solution or mass/volume. Diffusion • Is where the particles are less concentrated osmosis • is the diffusion of water through a selectively permeable membrane. Isotonic • same strength Hypertonic • Above strength Active transport • Cells move materials in the opposite direction against concentration differences. Hypotonic • Below strength Facilitated diffusion • Diffusion of molecules, such as glucose Endocytosis • Is the process of taking material into the cell by means of infoldings or pockets of the cell membrane. Phagocytosis • Extensions of cytoplasm surround a particle and package it within a food vacuole Pinocytosis Exocytosis Cell Specialization • Process by which a cell takes in liquid from the surrounding environment • Process by which a cell releases large amounts of material • The process in which cells develop in different ways to perform different tasks Tissue • Group of similar cells that perform a particular function Cell division • Process by which a cell divides into two new daughter cells Centromere • Area where the chromatids of a chromosome are attached. Organ • Group of tissues that work together to perform closely related functions. Cytokinesis • Division of the cytoplasm during cell division Cell cycle • Series of events that cells go through as they grow and divide Organ system • Group of organs that work together to perform a specific function chromatid • One of 2 identical sister parts of a duplicated chromosome. Centriole • Area where the chromatids of a chromosome are attached Spindle • Fanlike microtubule structure that helps separate the chromosomes during mitosis. Genetics • Scientific study of heredity Trait • Specific characteristic that varies from on individual to another Cyclin • One of a family of closely related proteins that regulate the cell cycle in eukaryotic cells. Fertilization • Process in sexual reproduction in which male and female reproductive cells join to form a new cell Hybrid • Off spring of crosses between parents with different traits. Cancer • Disorder in when some of the body own cells lose the ability to control growth True-breeding • Term used to describe organisms that produce offspring identical to themselves if allowed to self pollinate gene • Sequence of DNA that codes for a protein and thus determines a trait. Allele • One of a number of different forms of a gene Probability • Likely hood something's going to happen Heterozygous • Term used to refer to an organism that has two different alleles for the same trait. Segregation • Separation of alleles during gamete formation Punnett square • Diagram showing the gene combination that might result from a genetic cross Phenotype • Physical characteristics of an organ Gamete • Specialized cell involved in sexual reproduction Homozygous • Terms used to refer to an organism that has two identical alleles for a particular trait Genotype • Genetic makeup of an organism Independent assortment • independent segregation of genes during the formation of gametes. Multiple alleles • 3 or more alleles of the same gene Incomplete dominance • Situation in which one allelle is not complete dominant over another Polygenic traits Trait controlled by by 2 or more genes Codominance • Situation in which both alleles of a gene contribute to the phenotype of the organism Homologous • Term used to refer to chromosomes that each have a corresponding chromosome from the opposite sex parent. Diploid Haploid Meiosis • Term used to refer to a cell that contains both sets of homologous chromosomes • Term used to refer to a cell that contains only a single set of chromosomes and therefore only a single set of genes. Process by which the number of chromosomes per cell is cut in half through the separation of homologous chromosomes in a diploid cell. Tetrad Crossing-over Gene map • Structure containing 4 chromatids that forms during meiosis • Process in which homologous chromosomes exchange portions of their chromatids during meiosis • Diagram showing the relative locations of each known gene on a particular chromosome Sex chromosome Autosome Karyotype • Photograph of chromosome grouped in order in pairs Pedigree • Chart that shows the relationships within a family • One of 2 chromosomes that determine an individual’s sex Sex-linked gene • Gene located on the x or y chromosome • Chromosome that is not a sex chromosome Non disjunction • Error in meiosis in which homologous chromosomes fail to separate. DNA fingerprinting • Analysis of sections of DNA that have little or no known function Genus • Really smart person Order • Group of similar families Taxonomy • Discipline of classifying organisms and assigning each organism a universally accepted name. Taxon • A species or genus, a group in the classification system Class • Group of similar orders Binomial nomenclature • Classification system in which each species is assigned a two part scientific name Family • Group of genera that share many characteristics. Within an order the next smaller or more specific grouping of organisms. Phylum • Group of closely related classes • Division is substituted for Phylum in the plant kingdom Kingdom Phylogeny • A large taxonomic group, consisting of closely related phyla • The study of evolutionary relationships among organisms Derived character Cladogram • Characteristic that appears in recent parts of a lineage Domain • Most inclusive taxonomic category; larger than a kingdom • Diagram that shows the evolutionary relationships among a group of organisms Bacteria • Domain of unicellular prokaryotes that have cell walls containing peptidoglycan Evolutionary classification Method of grouping organisms together according to their evolutionary history Molecular clock • Model that uses DNA comparisons to estimate the length of time that two species have been evolving independently Eubacteria • Kingdom of unicellular prokaryotes whose cell walls are made up of peptidoglycan Archaea Archaebacteria • Domain of unicellular prokaryotes that have a cell walls that do not contain peptidoglycan • Kingdom of unicellular prokaryotes whose cell walls that do not contain peptidoglycans Protista Fungi • Kingdom composed of eukaryotes that are not classified as plants, animals , or fungi Animalia • Kingdom of multicellular eukaryotic heterotrophs whose cells do not have cell walls • Kingdom composed of heterotrophs; many obtain energy and nutrients from dead organic matter Eukarya • Domain of all organisms whose cells have nuclei including protests plants fungi Plantae • Kingdom of multicellular photosynthetic autotrophs that have cell walls containing cellulose