Download BIOLOGY STUDY GUIDE Science Observation Data Inference

Science
• Is an organized way of using evidence to learn
about the natural world
Observation
• The process of gathering information about
events or process in a careful, orderly way.
BIOLOGY STUDY GUIDE
Data
• The information gathered from
measurements and observations.
Spontaneous Generation
• Is a theory that life can arise from nonliving
matter (air, water, soil)
• Also know as ABIOGENSIS
Inference
• Is a logical interpretation based on prior
knowledge or experiences.
Controlled Experiment
• A type of experiment where only one variable
is changed at a time
Hypothesis
• Is a proposed scientific explanation for a set of
observations.
Manipulated Variable
• A variable that is deliberately changed
Responding variable
• A variable that is observed and that changes
in response to the manipulated variable.
Biology
• Is the science that employs the scientific
method to study living things
Asexual reproduction
• Is when a single parent produces offspring
that are identical to itself.
Control
Theory
• An item that is used to insure that change has
taken place. Placebo
Evidence from numerous investigations build up
Homeostasis
Sexual reproduction
• Living things maintain a stable internal
environment. Body chemistry, water balance,
etc.
• Cells from two different parents unite to form
the first cell of the new organism.
• A way to give genetic variety to the offspring.
Metabolism
Stimulus
• The combination of chemical reactions
through which an organism builds up or
breaks down materials.
• A signal to which an organism responds
Metric system
• Is a decimal system of measurement whose
units are based on certain physical standards
and are scaled on multiples of 10.
Electronic Microscope
• Use beams of electrons, rather than light, to
produce images of specimen.
• TEM
• SEM
Atom
• Basic unit of matter
• Composed of Proton, Neutron and electrons
Microscope
Compound light microscope
• Are devices that produce magnified images of
structures that are too small to see with the
unaided eye.
• Simple Microscope is a magnifying glass.
• Compound Microscope-a tube with two
lenses, used to magnify small objects.
• Allows light to pass through the specimen and
use two lenses to form an image.
Cell culture
Cell fractionation
• Cells that are able to reproduce, so there will
be a lot of samples.
Nucleus
• Strong forces bind protons and neutrons
together in an atom
• The control center of the cell, composed of
chromatin (DNA and Proteins)
• To separate the different cell parts.
• Centrifugation,
Electron
• Is a negatively charged particle with 1/1840
the mass of a proton
• Most prominent property is involved with
bonding
Element
• Is a pure substance that consists entirely of
one type of atom
Ionic bond
• Is formed when one or more electrons are
transferred from one atom to another
molecule
• Is the smallest unit of most compounds
Isotope
• Atoms of the same element that differ in the
number of neutrons they contain.
• The Isotopes have different atomic mass due
to different number of neutrons. Thus they
have slightly different properties
Ion
• Positively (lost electrons) and negatively
(gained electrons)charged atoms
• Cation-positively charged particles
• Anion-negatively charge particles
Van der waals force
• Chemists call intermolecular forces of
attractions.
Compound
• Is a substance formed by the chemical
combination of two or more elements in
definite proportions.
Covalent bond
• Forms when electrons are shared between
atoms.
Cohesion
• Is an attraction between molecules of the
same substance
adhesion
• Is an attraction between molecules of
different substances.
solute
• The substance that is dissolved
pH scale
• To indicate the concentration of H ions in
solution
• The reciprocal log of the Hydronium ion
concentration
mixture
• Is a material composed of two or more
elements or compounds that are physically
mixed together (but not chemically
combined).
• Mixture can be separated using ordinary
methods.
solvent
• The substance in which the solute dissolves
acid
• Is any compound that forms Hydronium (H)
ions in solution.
solution
• Are evenly distributed throughout the
solution.
suspension
• Mixtures of water and non dissolved material
base
• Is a compound that produces hydroxide (OH-)
ions in solution
buffer
• Are weak acids or bases that can react with
strong acids or bases to prevent sharp,
sudden changes.
Lipid
• Are made mostly from carbon and hydrogen
atoms.
Ribonucleic acid
• RnA contains the sugar ribose
monomer
• Are smaller units
Nucleic acid
• Are macromolecules containing hydrogen
oxygen nitrogen carbon and phosphorus.
Deoxyribonucleic acid
• DNA contains the sugar deoxyribose
polymer
• Monomers are joined togather
Nucleotide
• consist of 3 parts a 5 carbon sugar, a
phosphate group, and a nitrogenous base
Protein
• Are macromolecules that contain nitrogen as
well as carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen.
Amino acid
• Proteins are polymers of molecules (which are
called amino acid)
Product
• Elements or compounds produced by a
chemical reaction.
enzyme
• Are proteins that act as biological catalysts.
Chemical reaction
• Is a process that changes or transforms one
set of chemicals into another.
Activation energy
Energy that is needed to get a reaction started.
Substrate
• The reactants of enzyme catalyzed reactions.
Reactant
• The elements or compounds that enter into a
chemical reaction.
catalyst
• Is a substance that speeds up the rate of a
chemical reaction.
Cell
• Were the basic units of life
Cell theory
• A fundamental concept of biology
prokaryote
• Are cells that do not contain nuclei
Nuclear envelope
• Composed of two membranes
Nucleus
• Is a large membrane enclosed structure that
contains the cells genetic material in the form
of DNA.
Organelle
• Are organs that can be all different sizes and
types
Chromatin
• The granular material you can see in the
nucleus
eukaryote
• Are cells that contain nuclei
Cytoplasm
• Is the portion of the cell outside the nucleus
Chromosome
• When a cell divides the chromatin condenses
to form chromosome
Nucleolus
Is where the assembly of ribosome's begins
Golgi apparatus
• Is to modify sort and package proteins storage
in the cell or secretion outside the cell
Mitochondrion
• Are organelles that convert the chemical
energy stored in food into compounds that
are more convenient for the cell to use.
Ribosome
• Are small particles of RNA and protein found
throughout the cytoplasm.
Lysosome
• Are small organelles filled with enzymes
Chloroplast
• Are organelles that capture the energy from
sunlight and convert it into chemical energy.
Endoplasmic reticulum
Is the site where lipid components of the cell
membrane are assembled, along with proteins
and other materials that are exported from
the cell.
Vacuole
• It stores materials such as water , salts,
proteins, and carbohydrates.
Cytoskeleton
• Is a network of protein filaments that helps
the cell to maintain its shape.
Centriole
located near the nucleuses from and help to
organize cell division.
Lipid bilayer
• Is a doubled layer sheet
Equilibrium
• A concentration of the solute is the same
throughout a system.
Cell membrane
• Regulates what enters and leaves the cell and
also provides protection and support
Cell wall
• A strong supporting layer around the
membrane.
Concentration
• is the mass of solute in a given volume of
solution or mass/volume.
Diffusion
• Is where the particles are less concentrated
osmosis
• is the diffusion of water through a selectively
permeable membrane.
Isotonic
• same strength
Hypertonic
• Above strength
Active transport
• Cells move materials in the opposite direction
against concentration differences.
Hypotonic
• Below strength
Facilitated diffusion
• Diffusion of molecules, such as glucose
Endocytosis
• Is the process of taking material into the cell
by means of infoldings or pockets of the cell
membrane.
Phagocytosis
• Extensions of cytoplasm surround a particle
and package it within a food vacuole
Pinocytosis
Exocytosis
Cell Specialization
• Process by which a cell takes in liquid from the
surrounding environment
• Process by which a cell releases large amounts
of material
• The process in which cells develop in different
ways to perform different tasks
Tissue
• Group of similar cells that perform a particular
function
Cell division
• Process by which a cell divides into two new
daughter cells
Centromere
• Area where the chromatids of a chromosome
are attached.
Organ
• Group of tissues that work together to
perform closely related functions.
Cytokinesis
• Division of the cytoplasm during cell division
Cell cycle
• Series of events that cells go through as they
grow and divide
Organ system
• Group of organs that work together to
perform a specific function
chromatid
• One of 2 identical sister parts of a duplicated
chromosome.
Centriole
• Area where the chromatids of a chromosome
are attached
Spindle
• Fanlike microtubule structure that helps
separate the chromosomes during mitosis.
Genetics
• Scientific study of heredity
Trait
• Specific characteristic that varies from on
individual to another
Cyclin
• One of a family of closely related proteins that
regulate the cell cycle in eukaryotic cells.
Fertilization
• Process in sexual reproduction in which male
and female reproductive cells join to form a
new cell
Hybrid
• Off spring of crosses between parents with
different traits.
Cancer
• Disorder in when some of the body own cells
lose the ability to control growth
True-breeding
• Term used to describe organisms that
produce offspring identical to themselves if
allowed to self pollinate
gene
• Sequence of DNA that codes for a protein and
thus determines a trait.
Allele
• One of a number of different forms of a gene
Probability
• Likely hood something's going to happen
Heterozygous
• Term used to refer to an organism that has
two different alleles for the same trait.
Segregation
• Separation of alleles during gamete formation
Punnett square
• Diagram showing the gene combination that
might result from a genetic cross
Phenotype
• Physical characteristics of an organ
Gamete
• Specialized cell involved in sexual
reproduction
Homozygous
• Terms used to refer to an organism that has
two identical alleles for a particular trait
Genotype
• Genetic makeup of an organism
Independent assortment
• independent segregation of genes during the
formation of gametes.
Multiple alleles
• 3 or more alleles of the same gene
Incomplete dominance
• Situation in which one allelle is not complete
dominant over another
Polygenic traits
Trait controlled by by 2 or more genes
Codominance
• Situation in which both alleles of a gene
contribute to the phenotype of the organism
Homologous
• Term used to refer to chromosomes that each
have a corresponding chromosome from the
opposite sex parent.
Diploid
Haploid
Meiosis
• Term used to refer to a cell that contains both
sets of homologous chromosomes
• Term used to refer to a cell that contains only
a single set of chromosomes and therefore
only a single set of genes.
Process by which the number of chromosomes
per cell is cut in half through the separation of
homologous chromosomes in a diploid cell.
Tetrad
Crossing-over
Gene map
• Structure containing 4 chromatids that forms
during meiosis
• Process in which homologous chromosomes
exchange portions of their chromatids during
meiosis
• Diagram showing the relative locations of
each known gene on a particular chromosome
Sex chromosome
Autosome
Karyotype
• Photograph of chromosome grouped in order
in pairs
Pedigree
• Chart that shows the relationships within a
family
• One of 2 chromosomes that determine an
individual’s sex
Sex-linked gene
• Gene located on the x or y chromosome
• Chromosome that is not a sex chromosome
Non disjunction
• Error in meiosis in which homologous
chromosomes fail to separate.
DNA fingerprinting
• Analysis of sections of DNA that have little or
no known function
Genus
• Really smart person
Order
• Group of similar families
Taxonomy
• Discipline of classifying organisms and
assigning each organism a universally
accepted name.
Taxon
• A species or genus, a group in the
classification system
Class
• Group of similar orders
Binomial nomenclature
• Classification system in which each species is
assigned a two part scientific name
Family
• Group of genera that share many
characteristics. Within an order the next
smaller or more specific grouping of
organisms.
Phylum
• Group of closely related classes
• Division is substituted for Phylum in the plant
kingdom
Kingdom
Phylogeny
• A large taxonomic group, consisting of closely
related phyla
• The study of evolutionary relationships among
organisms
Derived character
Cladogram
• Characteristic that appears in recent parts of a
lineage
Domain
• Most inclusive taxonomic category; larger
than a kingdom
• Diagram that shows the evolutionary
relationships among a group of organisms
Bacteria
• Domain of unicellular prokaryotes that have
cell walls containing peptidoglycan
Evolutionary classification
Method of grouping organisms together
according to their evolutionary history
Molecular clock
• Model that uses DNA comparisons to estimate
the length of time that two species have been
evolving independently
Eubacteria
• Kingdom of unicellular prokaryotes whose cell
walls are made up of peptidoglycan
Archaea
Archaebacteria
• Domain of unicellular prokaryotes that have a
cell walls that do not contain peptidoglycan
• Kingdom of unicellular prokaryotes whose cell
walls that do not contain peptidoglycans
Protista
Fungi
• Kingdom composed of eukaryotes that are not
classified as plants, animals , or fungi
Animalia
• Kingdom of multicellular eukaryotic
heterotrophs whose cells do not have cell
walls
• Kingdom composed of heterotrophs; many
obtain energy and nutrients from dead
organic matter
Eukarya
• Domain of all organisms whose cells have
nuclei including protests plants fungi
Plantae
• Kingdom of multicellular photosynthetic
autotrophs that have cell walls containing
cellulose