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Computers: Tools for an Information Age Chapter 5 Input and Output: The User Connection Objectives Describe the user relationship with computer input and output Explain how data is input into a computer system and differentiate among various input equipment Describe how a monitor works and the characteristics that determine quality List and describe the different methods of computer output Objectives Differentiate among different kinds of printers Explain the function of a computer terminal and describe the types of terminals Describe the ethical considerations involved in handling computer data How Users See Input and Output Users submit data (input) to the computer to get processed information (output) Output can be instant reaction to input Also can be separated by time, distance, or both Instant Reaction Items scanned at supermarket Forklift operator speaks to computer Forklift obeys operator’s commands Sales rep enters an order on a pad Produce item name and price at counter Characters displayed as “typed” text and stored in pad Factory workers punch a time clock as they go from task to task Produce weekly paychecks and management reports Input and Output Separated Data on checks input into bank computer Charge-card transactions provide input Computer processes entries once a month to prepare statements Processed monthly to produce customer bills Water samples collected and input into computer Used to produce reports that show patterns of water quality Input: Getting Data from the User to the Computer Keyboard Pointing devices Source data automation Keyboard Similar to typewriter keyboard Can be unique to an industry May be part of a personal computer May be part of a terminal connected to a computer in another location Keys on McDonald’s keyboards represent Big Mac or large fries Ergonomic keyboards Ergonomic Keyboards Designed to reduce or minimize repetitive strain injury of wrists Provide more natural, comfortable position of wrists, arms, and hands Anatomy of a Keyboard Pointing Devices Used to position a pointer on the screen Communicate commands to operating system by clicking a button Common devices Mouse Devices used for games Devices used in laptops Others The First Mouse Invented by Doug Englebart at SRI, 1963/4 Doug Engelbart invented the computer mouse in 1963-64 as part of an experiment to find better ways to point and click on a display screen. It was made in a shop at SRI. The casing was carved out of wood. The mouse had only one button - that was all there was room for. Mouse The most common pointing device Movement on flat surface causes movement of pointer on screen Several types Mechanical - small ball on underside rolls as mouse is moved Optical - uses a light beam to monitor mouse movement Cordless - uses either infrared or radio waves, rather than a cord, to connect to computer Trackball and Joystick Trackball Variation on mechanical mouse User rolls the ball directly Often built into laptop computers Joystick Short lever with handgrip Distance and speed of movement controls pointer’s position Pressing trigger causes actions to take place Touchpad and Pointing Stick Touchpad Rectangular pressure-sensitive pad Sliding finger across pad moves pointer Tapping with finger recognized as click Pointing stick Small pressure-sensitive post mounted in center of keyboard Pushing post in any direction moves pointer Other Pointing Devices Graphics tablet Touch screen User moves stylus or puck across board Used to create or trace precise drawings Allow user to touch items on screen Position of finger on screen determines item to be input into system Used at kiosks in public places such as malls Pen-based computing Use pen-like stylus to input data Often used in PDAs or pocket PCs Source Data Automation Use of special equipment to collect data at the source Primary areas Magnetic-ink character recognition (MICR) Optical recognition devices Other sources MICR Uses a machine to read characters made of magnetized particles Banking industry is predominant user Characters preprinted on lower left-hand side of check Amount added by MICR inscriber when check is cashed Optical Recognition Uses a light beam to scan data and convert to electrical signals Common uses Scanners are the most common form Other optical recognition methods Common Uses Scanners at supermarkets Document imaging - converts paper documents to electronic versions Documents stored on disk Can be edited or processed by software Scanners Flatbed scanner Sheetfed scanner Motorized rollers feed sheet across scanner head Handheld scanner Typically scans one page at a time Can be used to scan large bound documents Smallest and least accurate Optical character recognition (OCR) software required to convert picture into characters Other Optical Recognition Methods Optical Mark Recognition Optical character recognition Machine senses marks on piece of paper Wand reader reads characters in special typeface Bar Codes A series of vertical marks Represents a unique code Universal Product Code (UPC) used as standard in supermarkets Other Sources Voice input Digital cameras Video input Voice Input User speaks to computer Most are speaker-dependent Speech recognition devices convert spoken words into binary digits System “learns” user’s voice Types of systems Discrete word systems - user must pause between words Continuous word systems - user can speak normally Digital Camera User takes photo that is stored on a chip Photo can be downloaded to computer Use photo-editing software to enhance Store permanently on CDs or DVDs Photos composed of many pixels of color Photos stored on removable memory card Video Input Digital video consists of series of still frames Displayed rapidly enough to give illusion of motion Web cam used to transmit video over the Internet Can capture video from analog sources with video capture card Output: Information for the User Computer screens Printers Voice output Music output Microform Computer Screen Technology Screen is part of computer’s monitor Screen output known as soft copy Intangible and temporary Common forms Cathode ray tube (CRT) Flat-panel screens Smart displays CRT Screens Display text and graphics Most are in color Some monochrome monitors are used in applications that have no need for color or graphics Graphics card converts signals from the control unit into the image the user sees Factors Affecting Performance Scan rate Resolution (clarity) of screen Measured in pixels (picture elements) The more pixels, the higher the resolution Graphics standards Dot pitch The frequency with which the image is refreshed The amount of space between dots The smaller the dot pitch, the sharper the image Video memory A high-speed form of RAM installed on graphics card Graphic Standards Agree on resolutions, colors, other issues related to displaying graphics Super Video Graphics Adapter (SVGA) is most common standard Provides 800 (horizontal) x 600 (vertical) pixels on the display Other varieties of SVGA exist Support 16 million colors The number of colors that can be displayed depends on amount of video memory Flat-Panel Screens Liquid crystal display (LCD) Originally used for laptops, but making their way to desktop computers Very thin (only a few inches) Produce sharper text images than CRTs Easier on eyes than CRTs Different flat-panel technologies LCD Technologies Active-matrix Passive-matrix Uses many thin-film transistors (TFT) Produces brighter image and can be viewed from wider angles Uses fewer transistors Cheaper and uses less power Gas plasma Supports very large displays Has brilliant color display Viewable at very wide angles Smart Displays Based on flat-panel technology Each contains its own processor Wireless transmitter-receiver allows user to control desktop from anywhere in the house Printers Produce information on paper output Orientation settings Printed output known as hard copy Portrait - vertical alignment Landscape - horizontal alignment Two ways of printing Impact printer Non-impact printer Impact Printers Physical contact with paper required to produce image Line printer Prints an entire line of a program at once Typically used with mainframe computers printing lengthy reports Dot-matrix printer Has print head consisting of one or more columns of pins Pins form characters and images as pattern of dots Non-impact Printers Places an image on a page without physically touching the page Laser printer Uses light beam to help transfer images to paper Produces high-quality output at very fast speeds Ink-jet printer Sprays dots of ink from jet nozzles Can print in both black and white and color Requires high-quality paper so ink does not smear Less expensive than laser printers Voice Output Voice synthesizers convert data to vocalized sounds Two approaches Synthesis by analysis - analyzes actual human voice, records and plays back as needed Synthesis by rule - uses linguistic rules to create artificial speech Used in automated telephone-based customer service applications Useful when an inquiry would be followed by a short reply, such as a balance inquiry Music Output Multimedia clips, games, videos include sight and sound Speakers placed on side of monitor Powered sub-woofers produce low-frequency sounds Musical Instrument Digital Interface (MIDI) Rules for connecting musical instruments, synthesizers, and computers Allows users to set up home studios that rival capabilities of professional recording studios Computer Output Microform (COM) Output of photographically reduced images on microfilm or microfiche Microfilm - images stored on continuous roll of film Microfiche - images stored in rows and columns on a card Needs special reader Common uses Libraries store back issues of periodicals Businesses store large volumes of historical records Terminals Combine input and output capabilities Dumb terminal Intelligent terminal Keyboard for input and monitor for output No processing capability Has limited memory and a processor Point-of-sale (POS) terminal Captures retail sales data when transaction takes place Computer Graphics Business graphics Video graphics Computer-aided design/computer-aided manufacturing (CAD/CAM) Business Graphics A powerful way to impart information Colorful graphics, maps, and charts help managers compare data, spot trends, and make quicker decisions As underlying data changes, charts and graphs are instantly updated Video Graphics A series of video images Displayed rapidly to give the impression of motion Used extensively in television Also used in computer and arcade video games Computer-Aided Design/ Computer-Aided Manufacturing Creates two- and threedimensional designs Performs engineering tests such as stress tests Serves as bridge between design and manufacturing Ethics and Data Once data is in computer, there are many ways it can be used Ethical issues to ponder Is it ethical to use a computer to alter photographs? Is it ethical to erase e-mail messages that may be of interest to a party in a lawsuit? Is it ethical to use someone else’s data for your purposes?
