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4.4.notebook October 03, 2013 Glycolysis occurs in all cells and is an ongoing process. Occurs in the cytoplasm Anaerobic When oxygen is available the products of glycolysis will be used in cellular respiration. Process: 1. 2 ATP molecules energize the glucose molecule. 2. Glucose molecule is split into 2 threecarbon molecules. 3. Energized electrons from the threecarbon molecules are transferred to NAD+, which forms NADH (just another electron carrier). 4. A series of reactions converts the threecarbon molecules to PYRUVATE, which enters cellular respiration. 5. 4 ATP molecules are made. Do the math: If 2 ATP molecules are needed to start glycolysis and only 4 are produced, how many are actually gained? The pyruvate and the NADH are used for cellular respiration, if oxygen is present. 1 4.4.notebook October 03, 2013 Krebs Cycle 1. Pyruvate is broken down Split into a twocarbon molecule and a molecule of CO2 is released. Electrons are transferred from the twocarbon molecule to NAD+ to make NADH The NADH moves to the electron transport chain. 2. Coenzyme A An intermediate molecule is formed from Coenzyme A and the twocarbon molecules from step 1. 3. Citric Acid is formed A six carbon molecule called Citric Acid is formed. 4. Citric acid is broken down Creates a fivecarbon molecule This produces NADH and moves out of the Krebs cycle A molecule of CO2 is given off 5. Fivecarbon molecule is broken down A fourcarbon molecule is formed NADH and a molecule of ATP are produced NADH leaves the Krebs cycle A molecule of CO2 is given off. 6. Fourcarbon molecule is rearranged Molecules of NADH and FADH2 (another electron carrier) are made and leave the Krebs Cycle. Products from one molecule of Pyruvate 3 molecules of CO2 1 molecule of ATP 4 molecules of NADH sent to the electron transport chain 1 molecule of FADH2 sent to the electron transport chain 2 4.4.notebook October 03, 2013 Electron Transport Chain Occurs in the inner membrane of the mitochondria Made up of proteins Use energy supplied by NADH and FADH2 1. Electrons removed Take highenergy electrons from NADH and FADH 2 Need to use 2 molecules of NADH and 1 molecule of FADH2 2. Hydrogen Ions Transported Proteins use energy from the electrons to pump hydrogen ions against the concentration gradient. (just like photosynthesis) Causes a build up of hydrogen ions inside the inner membrane. 3. ATP produced Hydrogen ions diffuse through a protein channel which is part of ATP synthase ATP synthase adds phosphate groups to ADP to make ATP For every pair of electrons, 3 ATP are produced. 4. Water formed Oxygen enters cellular respiration Picks up electrons and hydrogen ions to become water Water is given off Products of Cellular Respiration (including glycolysis) CO2 H2O Up to 38 molecules of ATP for every glucose molecule 2 from glycolysis, 2 from the Krebs cycle and up to 34 from electron transport chain 3 4.4.notebook October 03, 2013 Organelle for Chloroplast Process Mitochondria Reactants C6H12O6 and CO2 and H2O O2 Electron Transport Chain Proteins within thylakoid membrane Proteins within inner mitochondrial membrane Cycle of Chemical Reaction Calvin Cycle in stroma of chloroplasts builds sugar molecules. Krebs cycle in matrix breaks down carbonbased molecules. Products C6H12O6 and O2 CO2 and H2O 4