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Name Class Date Chapter 10 The Later Middle Ages Section 2 HSS 7.6 MAIN IDEAS 1. The pope called on Crusaders to invade the Holy Land. 2. Despite some initial success, the later Crusades failed. 3. The Crusades changed Europe forever. Students analyze the geographic, political, economic, religious, and social structures of the civilizations of Medieval Europe. Key Terms and People Crusades a long series of wars fought between Christians and Muslims over control of Palestine Holy Land the European name for Palestine, the region where Jesus had lived Pope Urban II head of the Roman Catholic Church who started the Crusades King Richard I English king who led the third, ill-fated Crusade to seize Palestine Saladin Turkish leader of the Muslim forces that prevented England from taking Palestine Section Summary CRUSADERS INVADE THE HOLY LAND The Crusades were a long series of wars between Christians and Muslims in Southwest Asia. The Europeans fought the Muslims to retake Palestine. Christians call the region the Holy Land because it was where Jesus had lived, preached, and died. For many years Palestine had been ruled by Muslims. In general, the Muslims did not bother Christians who visited the region. In the late 1000s, however, a new group of Turkish Muslims captured the city of Jerusalem. Pilgrims returning to Europe said that these Turks had attacked them. Before long the Turks began to raid the Byzantine Empire. The Byzantine emperor asked Pope Urban II of the Roman Catholic Church for help. Although the Byzantines were Eastern Orthodox Christians and not Roman Catholic, the pope agreed to help. Why did Christians call Palestine the “Holy Land?” Circle the name of the person who made the call to arms that led to the Crusades. Copyright © by Holt, Rinehart and Winston. All rights reserved. Chapter 10 69 Interactive Reader and Study Guide Name Class Date Section 2, continued Pope Urban called on Christians to retake the Holy Land from the Muslim Turks. Crusaders from all over Europe flocked to France to prepare to fight. Many peasants set out on the First Crusade. The Crusaders used the holy war as an excuse to kill many Jews along the way to Palestine. Some Christians at the time blamed the Jews for the death of Jesus. The peasant Crusaders were defeated by the professional Turk army. However, the nobles and knights were able to capture Palestine and set up four kingdoms there. LATER CRUSADES FAIL Within 50 years the Muslims had started taking land back from the Christians. The Europeans launched more Crusades, but these invasions ended in defeat and heavy losses for the Christians. The Third Crusade started as a group effort between the German, French, and English kings. But only King Richard I of England stayed on to fight. His opponent was the brilliant Turkish leader Saladin. Eventually, King Richard left Palestine, which was still under Muslim control. By 1291 Muslims had taken back Palestine. The Crusades were over. CRUSADES CHANGE EUROPE The Crusades increased trade between Europe and Asia. In some cases, the Crusades increased the power of the kings. But the main impact of the wars was divisive. The Crusades hurt the trust European Jews had developed with Christians. The Crusades also caused a major split between the Muslim and Christian worlds. Those tensions are still felt today. What happened to the peasants who set out on the First Crusade? Circle the name of the European and Turkish leaders fighting in the Third Crusade. What do you think was the main impact the Crusades had on the world? CHALLENGE ACTIVITY Critical Thinking: Drawing Inferences The Crusades were not successful in their stated goals, but they did change European society forever. Choose one result of the Crusades that you think was particularly important and write a paper explaining why you think so. HSS Analysis Skills, CS 1, HI 2 Copyright © by Holt, Rinehart and Winston. All rights reserved. Chapter 10 70 Interactive Reader and Study Guide Answer Key (p. 60, bot.) In places that had been part of the Roman Empire. (p. 61, top) No, Saint Patrick took it upon himself to go to Ireland. (p. 61, mid.) Clovis (p. 61, bot.) Because they were so powerful and ruthless. so the Pope, who was seen as God’s representative, had great power. Another possible answer is that the church exercised political power as a major landholder. 2. The drastic decrease in population increased demands for skilled labor and gave serfs alternatives to working on a vassal’s land. 3. It was written by a group of English nobles. It is important because it increased the power of people compared to that of the king and laid the foundations for the British and American systems of government and law. 4. Possible answer: As Christianity became more common and more rulers became Christian, Christians were able to create institutions aimed at converting or removing other groups. SECTION 2 CHALLENGE ACTIVITY Answers will vary. Reasons for being a monk could include religious devotion, protection offered by the monastery, or the chance to live a life of meditation away from society. SECTION 3 MARGINAL QUESTIONS (p. 62) Frankish kings could not protect the empire so the nobles had to defend their own lands. (p. 63, top) Possible responses: Fight at the lord’s command; house and feed the lord; sometimes pay money to the lord. (p. 63, top mid.) knights from Germany (p. 63, bot. mid.) serfs (p. 63, bot.) Cities offered more opportunities to make a living. SECTION 1 MARGINAL QUESTIONS (p. 67, top) To decide what the church would teach and when someone was acting against the church. (p. 67, bot.) Possible response: They feared that being cast out of the church would lead to spiritual punishment. (p. 68, top) Students should underline the sentence: “In France and England, the throne was inherited through family.” Students should circle the sentences: “In the Holy Roman Empire, the nobles elected the emperor. The pope settled any disagreements among the nobles.” (p. 68, mid.) The bishop of Constantinople’s excommunication by Pope Leo IX. (p. 68, bot.) Pope Gregory VII and Holy Roman Emperor Henry IV. SECTION 3 CHALLENGE ACTIVITY Answers will vary. Student research should highlight the differences in the responsibilities and obligations of each role. SECTION 4 MARGINAL QUESTIONS (p. 64, top) They were given land. (p. 64, bot.) Students should underline “Bushido” and “chivalry.” (p. 65, top) Christian religious themes (p. 65, bot.) Accept all appropriate haiku that follow the poetic style. SECTION 4 CHALLENGE ACTIVITY Answers will vary depending on the religious background and beliefs of the student. Because this is an essay about personal beliefs and experience, accept all answers. SECTION 1 CHALLENGE ACTIVITY Student papers should include reasons why either political or spiritual power would be preferable or why the student sees either the pope or the king as more powerful. Ch 10 The Later Middle Ages SECTION 2 MARGINAL QUESTIONS COMPREHENSION AND CRITICAL THINKING (p. 69, top) Jesus lived, preached, and died there. (p. 69, bot.) Students should circle “Pope Urban II.” 1. Answers will vary. Sample answer: Most of the people of Europe were Christian, Copyright © by Holt, Rinehart and Winston. All rights reserved. 128 Universal Access Teacher Management System