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7th Grade Study Guide for Semester Test
Scientific Method - Chapter 1
1. What are steps for scientific inquiry (scientific method)?
1. Pose a QUESTION
2. Develop a HYPOTHESIS
3. Design & Conduct an EXPERIMENT
4. Collect and Interpret DATA
5. Draw CONCLUSIONS
6. COMMUNICATE Results
2. What are inferences based on?
Inferences are based on reasoning from what you already know and from evidence.
What is the scientific inquiry? It is a way for (3)_scientists__ to study the (4)__natural
world and suggest
explanations for what they observe using (5)_evidence_.
Step 1: Identify the problem: Scientists are curious about things they experience or
____observe ________. The problem often begins as a (6)_question_.
What is a hypothesis? It is a possible (7)__explanation_______________ based on observations and your
knowledge of the topic. People often call it an educated guess or a prediction. A hypothesis must be
(8)___testable________________. If scientists can’t test their hypotheses, they won’t be able to answer their
questions.
What are variables? They are the (9)___factors___________ that can change in an experiment.

The independent (manipulated) variable is the only one that is changed to test the hypothesis.

The dependent (responding) variable is the results from the experiment.
10. What is data? It is _facts_________, ___figures__________, and other ___evidence_________ gathered
during an experiment.
11.
What is scientific inquiry (scientific method)?
Scientific Inquiry refers to the variety of ways scientists study the natural world and develop
explanations based on evidence they see.
12. How do you test a hypothesis?
An investigation in the form of an experiment must be carried out and evidence must be gathered.
13. Why is it important to control variables in an experiment?
It is important to control the variables so we will know which variable gave us the results
observed.
14.
When you begin an experiment, why should you create a table to record your data?
A data table provides an organized way to collect and record observations.
16. Facts, figures, and other evidence gathered through qualitative and quantitative observations
are called __data_.
17.
A(n) ____hypothesis____ is a possible answer to a scientific question.
18. In an experiment, the __responding__ variable is the factor that may change in response to
the manipulated variable.
19. A scientific __law__ is a statement that describes what scientists expect to happen every time
under a particular set of conditions.
20. When only one variable is manipulated at a time, a(n) __controlled__ experiment is conducted.
21. The scientific ____inquiry___________ process includes the diverse ways in which scientists
study the natural world.
22. A factor that can change in an experiment is called a(n) ___variable___.
23. The ___manipulated___ variable is the only variable that is purposely changed to test a
hypothesis.
Write the letter of the correct answer on the line and circle your answer!
24. _C__ The statement, “All objects in the universe attract each other,” is an example of which of
the following?
A scientific inquiry
B scientific theory
C scientific law
D controlled experiment
25.
_A__ Which of these is NOT an example of a way scientists communicate their results?
A taking out advertisements in the newspapers B publishing articles in scientific journals
C giving talks at scientific meetings
26.
D exchanging information on the internet
___ Which of these is purposely changed during an experiment?
A hypothesis
B dependant variable
C responding variable
D manipulated variable
27.
___ Which of these is a tool that can help you interpret data?
A theory
B variable
C hypothesis
D graph
If the statement is true, write true. If the statement is false, change the underlined word
or words to make the statement true.
28.______FALSE________ Many trials are not needed before a hypothesis can be accepted as
true.
29. ________T___________ A conclusion is a summary of what is learned from an experiment.
30. ________T___________ A factor that can change in an experiment is called a variable.
31. ________T___________ A hypothesis is not the same as a fact.
32. ____FALSE_______________ Facts and figures are examples of variables. DATA
33. ____FALSE_______________ A well-tested explanation for a wide range of observations and
experimental results is known as a scientific inquiry. THEORY
Measurement – Chapter 2
34.
Why do scientists use a standard measurement system?
__A standard system allows scientists to compare data and communicate with each other all over the
world about their results_____________________________________________
35.
What are the basic SI units of measure for length, mass, and volume?
_Length – meter (m) mass – kilogram (kg) volume – cubic meter (m³) OR liter (L)
_________________________________________________________________________
36.
What are the common tools scientists use to measure length and mass?
__Length – metric ruler (meter stick)
Mass – triple beam balance
37. Explain why the weight of an object is different on Earth and the moon even though the
object’s mass is the same in both places.
___Weight is the measure of the pull of gravity on an object, and mass is the amount of matter in an
object. The gravityis less on the moon, so objects weigh less.______
38.
What formula do you use to determine the volume of a rectangular solid?
_____Volume = length · width · height______________________________________________________
Fill in the vocabulary word for each sentence.
39. Modern scientists use a system of measurement called the International System of Units,
abbreviated as _______SI________________.
40. The measure of the force of gravity acting on an object is called ____WEIGHT______________.
41. The ____METRIC____ system is a system of measurement based on the number 10 and
developed by scientists in the 1790s.
42. The amount of space an object takes up is its ___VOLUME____.
43. ___DENSITY__ is the measure of how much mass is contained in a given volume.
44. When you measure liquid volume, you measure at the bottom of the __MENISCUS__, the curve
along the top of the liquid’s surface.
45. ___MASS____ is a measure of the amount of matter in an object.
Read the passage and study the graphs below. Answer questions 46 – 49 on the lines
provided.
Bar Graphs
A bar graph is a good choice to use when the manipulated variable is not a number and the data displayed is not
continuous. Bar Graph A is a graph of this type of data. The manipulated variable in this case includes three high schools
in a county. Because the manipulated variable is not a number and not continuous, a bar graph is a good choice to display
the data. Each of the three schools has a position along the horizontal axis. The responding variable is the number of
students at a high school. The vertical axis is labeled with the responding variable, and a scale on the vertical axis covers
the range of the data collected. In Bar Graph A, each bar shows how many students are enrolled at that school.
Bar Graph B shows a variation on the basic bar graph. This graph includes a second manipulated variable—school year.
Each year has different shading, as indicated by the small boxes to the upper left of the graph. Each school now has two
bars. This grouping of bars ensures that the reader of the graph understands that the bar graph shows data for two years
for each school.
46.
Identify the manipulated and responding variables in both graphs.
_________Manipulated = County High Schools______________
_________Responding = Number of Students________________
47.
In Bar graph A, how many students attend the largest school?
________About 375 students________________________________________________
48.
Why are the bars in Bar Graph B shaded differently?
The dark represent one year (2003-2004), and the light represents a different year (20022003)_______________________________________________________________________
49. Which school had the most students in 2002–2003, and which had the most students in 2003–
2004?
_2002-2003 = South_________2003-2004 = Northwestern ________________________
Earth’s Interior – Chapter 8
50. Label AND describe the layers of Earth by writing the name of the layer in the blank.
Layer 1_Crust – rocky outside layer that forms Earth’s _
_______skin________________________________________
Layer 2_Mantle – made of very hot, but solid rock_
___________________________________________________
Layer 3_Outer Core – liquid layer of the core made_
_______of nickel and iron_______________________
Layer 4_Inner Core – solid layer of the core made of_
_______metal____________________________________________
51.
What are two types of evidence geologists use to learn about Earth’s interior?
__Rock Samples (direct)__
__Seismic Waves (indirect)__
52.
Compare how pressure and temperature change with depth inside Earth.
___Pressure and temperature increase as depth increases___
___(you go deeper into Earth)__________________________
Building Vocabulary: Match each term with its definition by writing the
letter of the correct definition in the right column on the line beside the
term in the left column.
53. _A___ basalt
a. a dark rock with fine grains
54. _E___ crust
b. the force pressing on an area
55. _C___ outer core
c. the layer made up of molten iron and nickel
56. _D___ granite
d. a rock with light color and coarse grains
57. _B___ pressure
e. Earth’s outer skin of rock
58. _F___ seismic wave
f. a wave produced by an earthquake
59. _H___ inner core
g. a layer of hot, solid rock below the crust
60. _G___ mantle
h. a dense ball of solid iron and nickel
Earth’s Interior - Chapter 8
If the statement is true, write true. If the statement is false, change the underlined word
or words to make the statement true.
61. _False - nickel__ Earth’s core is mostly made up of iron and magnesium.
62. _False - outer_ Scientists think that movements in the liquid inner core create Earth’s magnetic
field.
63. _False - basalt_ The oceanic crust is most like granite in composition overall.
64. _True
_ Pressure and temperature increase as you move deeper below Earth’s surface.
66. __False - crust__ The core is Earth’s outer skin of solid rock.
Write the letter of the correct answer on the line at the left.
67. _B___ In which layer of Earth is the asthenosphere located?
A inner core
B mantle
C outer core
D crust
68. _C___ Which best describes the mantle?
A molten metal
B dense, solid metal ball
C hot but solid rock
D dry land and ocean floor
69. _C___ Which lists the main layers of Earth in order from outermost to innermost?
A lithosphere, asthenosphere, mesosphere
B core, mantle, crust
C crust, mantle, core
D mantle, core, crust
70. _A___ What do geologists call the crust and uppermost mantle?
A lithosphere
B asthenosphere
C mesosphere
D outer core
Understanding Main Ideas: Label each picture by writing the type of heat transfer it shows.
71. __Convection______ 72. ____Radiation____ 73. _____Conduction_____
74.
What are convection currents and what causes them?
____The flow that transfers heat within a fluid. Heating and cooling of a liquid,
changes in density, and the force of gravity all cause convection currents._
75.
What causes convection currents in Earth’s mantle?
____Heat from the core and the mantle.____
____________________________________________________________________________________
Building Vocabulary: If the statement is true, write true. If the statement is false,
change the underlined word or words to make the statement true.
76. __True_ The flow that transfers heat within a fluid is called a(n) convection current.
77. __True__ Conduction is heat transfer between materials that are touching.
78. __False - Mass_ Density is a measure of how much heat there is in a given volume of a
substance.
Rocks – Chapter 9
79. Describe how igneous rock forms.
__Igneous rock forms from the cooling of magma and lava_
____________________________________________________________________________________
80. Describe how sedimentary rock forms.
___Sedimentary rock forms as sediment settles and pressure presses
the sediment together to eventually form rock. The order is: Rock to sediment
by weathering and erosion, deposition, compaction, then cementation.________
82. In order, list the sequence of processes through which sedimentary rocks form.
___1.) weathering 2.) erosion 3.) deposition 4.) compaction 5.) cementation___
____________________________________________________________________________________
81. Describe how metamorphic rock forms.
___Metamorphic rock forms from heat and pressure deep within Earth._
____________________________________________________________________________________
Building Vocabulary: Match each term with its definition by writing the letter of the correct
definition in the right column on the line beside the term in the left column.
82. _A___ sediment
a. small, solid pieces of material from rocks or living things
83. D_ cementation
b. the process that presses sediments together
84. _B_ compaction
c. the process by which running water, wind, or ice carry
away bits of broken-up rock
85. _E_ deposition
d. the process in which dissolved minerals crystallize and
glue sediment together
86. _C__ erosion
e. the process by which sediment settles out of water or wind
Plate Tectonics – Chapter 10
Building Vocabulary:
87.
Fill in the blank to complete each statement.
A canyon on the ocean floor at which the crust bends downward is called a(n)
__DEEP OCEAN TRENCH_____.
88.
The process that continually adds new material to the ocean floor is called
__SEA FLOOR SPREADING__.
89.
The process by which the ocean floor sinks into the mantle is known as
_SUBDUCTION__.
90.
A chain of underwater mountains along which sea-floor spreading occurs is a(n)
__MID-OCEAN RIDGE_.
Understanding Main Ideas:
Label each diagram by writing the type of plate boundary it
shows.
91._DIVERGENT_92.___CONVERGENT___93.___TRANSFORM___
Answer the following questions on the lines.
94. Describe what happens when a plate carrying oceanic crust collides with a plate carrying
continental crust.
____The oceanic crust sinks under the continental crust in a process called subduction.___
____________________________________________________________________________________
95. Explain what force caused the movement of the continents from one supercontinent to their
present positions.
____Convection currents (gravity)__
____________________________________________________________________________________
Building Vocabulary:
Fill in the blank to complete each statement.
96. At a(n) _convergent boundary_, plates come together.
97. Breaks in Earth’s crust where rocks have slipped past each other are called _transform
boundary_.
98. The lithosphere is broken into separate sections called _plates_.
99. The geological theory that states that pieces of Earth’s crust are in constant, slow motion is called
__plate tectonics_.
100. Plates move apart along a(n) _fault_.
The Rock Cycle – Chapter 9
Fill in the blank to complete each statement.
101. The series of processes that that slowly change Earth’s rocks from one kind to another is
called the rock __cycle___.
102.
Plate movements help drive the rock cycle by helping to form __magma._
103. Deep beneath the surface, _heat_ and pressure can change sedimentary rock to metamorphic
rock.
104.
Through the process of __plate tectonics___, metamorphic rock can become magma.
105.
Sediment piles up on the ocean floor through the process of _deposition_.
If the statement is true, write true. If the statement is false, change the underlined word or
words to make the statement true.
106.
_F - Weathering__ The process that breaks down granite into sediment is deposition.
107.
____True_____ There are many pathways by which rocks move through the rock cycle.
108.
____True_____ As rock moves through the rock cycle, material is not lost or gained.
109.
_F - and _____ Forces of the rock cycle operate inside Earth not at Earth’s surface.
Building Vocabulary: Match each term with its definition by writing the letter of the correct term in
the right column on the line beside the definition in the left column.
110.
A a unit of geologic time that subdivides eras
A. period
B. geologic time scale
111. C a long unit of time used to divide the time
between
Precambrian Time and the present
112. B a record of the geologic events and the
evolution of life
forms as shown in the fossil record
C. era