Download Changes to AAFCO Profiles for Dogs and Cats

Changes to AAFCO Profiles
for Dogs and Cats
Dennis E. Jewell, PhD, Dipl. ACAN
Sr. Fellow Nutrition Scientist
Hill’s Pet Nutrition, Inc
What
they need?
So what do
theydoneed?
What are the changes?
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Introduction
Energy
Protein
Fat
Minerals
Vitamins
So are the
changes big?
Introduction
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Changes are based on new scientific
publications and the National Research
Council’s Nutrient Requirements of Dogs
and Cats (2006)
Changes are evolutionary not so
revolutionary
They are comprehensive, influencing all of
the nutrients listed
Introduction
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The committee consisted of Dr. Burkholder
(FDA) as the committee chair and 9 other
members
It was broken into three parts – Canine
(CNE), Feline (FNE), and Protocol
Evaluation
The committee has completed it’s work
with expectation that the protocols and
profiles will be in the 2016 OP
Introduction
•
There was no change in the scope of the
profiles:
Only two lifestages (growth and lactation, and
maintenance)
– There is no breed specific recommendation
although large breed dog is broken out
– They still apply to healthy animals and do not
have specific recommendations for foods
designed to aid in the management of disease
–
Introduction
•
The AAFCO profiles do not define
optimum nutrition
Formulating a food according to the protocols
is only one part of nutritionally sound,
scientifically adequate product development
– Companies may need or may choose to
perform additional testing to substantiate
claims
–
Precisely
Balanced
Nutrition
So what was decided
about energy?
Energy
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Energy calculation through Modified
Atwater was maintained
–
The committee had access to data showing a
good relationship between modified Atwater
calculations and measured ME
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Average difference from measured <5%
Average bias was small (<2%)
Predictive Equations variation of Canine ME from
measured metabolizable energy (Mean + Standard Error)
Deltaa Absolute
Deltab
Deltaa Absolute
Deltab
Deltaa
Modified Atwater
aThe
Absolute
Deltab
NRC
New Equations
mean of the differences of each individual test from the tested
metabolizable energy value (all foods 3126, dry 3723 canned 978 kcal/kg).
bThe mean of the absolute values of the differences of each individual test from
the tested metabolizable energy value.
Energy
•
The committee also considered and had
access to the variability of energy
consumption between pets within a
species
Does energy use vary between pets?
Energy Consumption Distribution of Cats
13
Energy Consumption Distribution of Dogs
14
Energy
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The energy recommendation was:
Change the energy correction in dog food
from 3500 to correct to 4000 kcal ME/kg
– Change the energy correction in cat food from
correcting above 4500 kcal ME/kg to correct
when over 4000 ME/kg (still correcting to
4000 kcal/kg)
–
Did protein minimums or
maximums change?
Protein
•
Dogs and cats do not need “protein” but
rather the amino acids that make up protein
Nevertheless, using normal ingredients it is
reasonable to state a minimum protein
concentration
– Specific amino acid minimums are also added
to assure protein quality
–
Protein
•
There were only small changes in total
protein minimums (canine growth increased
by 0.5%)
The presumed digestibility of protein as in other
nutrients can be calculated by dividing the
AAFCO minimum into the NRCs requirement (In
the case of protein resulting in 80% digestibility)
– There were specific amino acid changes adding
methionine and phenylalanine
– Lysine, threonine, tryptophan histidine increased
–
Protein
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The amount of dietary protein was based
on the NRC and shown adequate for all
protein related needs
Lean body mass in dogs was maintained in
dogs fed a 14% 4000 Kcal ME/kg food
– Lean body mass was maintained in cats
fed a 26%, 4000 ME food
–
How much protein is needed
for a dog?
Body Lean (grams)
Lean Body Maintenance at 14%
Dietary Protein in the Dog
Circulating albumin (mg/dL)
Albumin increases at 14%
Dietary Protein in the Dog
How much protein is needed for a cat?
23
Body Lean (grams)
Lean Body Maintenance at 26%
Dietary Protein in the Cat
Circulating albumin (mg/dL)
Albumin increases at 26%
Dietary Protein in the Cat
Protein
• There was no need to increase the amount of
protein above current recommendations
What about fat?
Fat and Fatty Acids
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The CNE and FNE changed minimums
CNE increased total fat +0.5% (to 8.5 and 5.5)
– CNE increased linoleic acid (to 1.3 and 1.1 for
growth and reproduction, and maintenance)
– FNE and CNE added specific minimums for n3 fatty acids including both alpha-linolenic
and EPA+DHA for growth and reproduction
–
Fat and Fatty Acids
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Fat is “required” in pet foods because it
imparts the matrix for fat soluble vitamin
transport and absorption
Fat is “required” in pet foods as it imparts
palatability
Fat is “required” in pet foods as it contains
essential fatty acids
Fatty Acid Introduction
and Background
• Membrane structure
• Barrier function
(prevent water loss)
• Bestows fluidity
• Precursor of short-lived molecules
(prostanoids, eicosanoids)
N-3 Fatty Acids Are
Required for Optimal Growth
Introduction and Background
to n-3 Fatty acids
• DHA is directly incorporated into neural tissue
• EPA (20:5 n-3) and DHA (22:6 n-3) consumption results
in partial replacement of the n- 6 family (Arachidonic
acid, 20:4 n-6) in cell membranes.
• Decreased production of the n-6 family derived
mediators of inflammation (LTB4 and PGE2).
Establishing Neural Health
Feeding a High Development food
with high n-3 fatty acids (DHA)
resulted in improved psychomotor
abilities through navigating a T maze
(weaving & jumping through hoops)
The response criteria is amount of
time required to get to the reward
Establishing Neural Health
The Effect of Food on Time Through Obstacles
a
Time (seconds)
Low DHA
a
Medium DHA
b
High DHA
Months of Age (weaned at 2 months)
a,bMeans
with different superscripts are different
Fatty Acids modulate Inflammation
Both n-3 and n-6 fatty acids are further
metabolized into specific signaling molecules
The CNE set a maximum on the ratio of the
sum of linoleic plus arachidonic to the sum of
alpha-linolenic, EPA and DHA at 30:1
n-3 Fatty Acids Modulate
Markers of Inflammation
d
2100
10.5
1800
9.75
a
a
c
a,b
1650
8.25
a,b
1500
7.5
b,c
1350
(TBXB2 pg/mg
9.0
1200
6.75
6.0
b
5.25
1050
900
4.5
750
3.75
3.0
600
a
450
(EPA (mg/dL)
1950
2.25
a
300
1.5
150
0.75
0
Control
C + AA
C + AA + 0.45 FO
C: control
C+AA: control + amino acids
C+AA+0.45FO: control + amino acids + 0.45% fish oil
C+AA+0.90FO: control + amino acids + 0.90% fish oil
C+AA+1.35FO: control + amino acids + 1.35% fish oil
C+AA+0.9 FO
C+AA+1.35 FO
a,b,c,dMeans with different
superscripts are different (P<0.05)
Hall, Brockman and Jewell,
Veterinary Immunology and Pathology, 2011
n-3 Fatty Acids modulate Inflammation
A compound which influences inflammation
(PGE2) is reduced from immune cells
Wander RC, et al. J Nutr 1997
So What about minerals? And,
what’s the importance of
calcium in large breed dogs?
Minerals
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There were significant changes to the
calcium minimum and maximum levels
The CNE stated that Large and Giant
Breed food would meet the profile at 0.9%
Calcium and 0.75% Phosphorus
The CNE also set a maximum level of
calcium at 1.8% for large breed dogs.
Minerals
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Iron has been modified to agree with the
NRC and FEDIAF
The upper limit for iron was removed
because of a practical and scientific
reason (digestibility can vary from 10 to
100%, and upper limit was extrapolated)
This is an example of the need for nutrition
knowledge independent of the profiles.
Minerals
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Copper was modified increasing only the
amount required for growth
Copper from copper oxide is excluded
because it is unavailable
This is another example of the limitation of
the profiles as copper optimum is clearly
different for normal dogs vs dogs with
copper storage disease
What about vitamins?
Vitamins
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There was no change to the minimum for
fat soluble vitamins in the dog.
The FNE decreased the minimum for A
and D while increasing the maximum for D
Vitamins
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The upper level of vitamin E was removed
as there was no information regarding
vitamin E toxicity in dogs but rather value
was imparted in foods with E at or above
the old upper limit
Measuring Cognitive Function In
Dogs
Measuring Cognitive Function In
Dogs
Measuring Cognitive Function In
Dogs
Number of errors
Food with High Dietary Vitamin E
Reduces Errors
Landmark Position
Immune Cell DNA
Comet Assay (Head DNA, %)
99%
93%
78%
64%
36%
Immune Cell DNA Protection
Percent Head DNA
85
80
Control
500E + C
1000E + C
1500E + C
75
70
65
60
Canine
Feline
Canine and feline both had a significant linear effect (P<.05).
Vitamins
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Note what the profiles do and do not do
They provide a structure with universal
acceptance on what is complete and
balanced nutrition
They do not provide an answer for
optimum nutrition for every animal
They do not remove the need of the
professional designing the food
So what can
we conclude
about the profiles?
Conclusions
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Overall
• It was reasonable to rewrite the profiles
because of advances in pet nutrition
• The committee successfully fulfilled their
obligation
Conclusions
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Energy
• Modified Atwater calculations are
acceptable estimates of dietary energy
• Foods need to be adjusted for nutrient
density when they are over 4000 kcal/kg
Conclusions
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Protein
• Small changes in protein minimum for
puppies and specific amino acids
• Continued moderate protein levels
provide for complete and balanced
nutrition
Conclusions
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Fat
• Small changes of total fat minimums
(which probably all foods currently meet)
• The addition of n-3 fatty acids, including
in the dog an n-6 to n-3 fatty acid ratio
Conclusions
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Minerals
• Significant changes in calcium
minimums and maximums to better deal
with the special condition of large breed
dogs
• Other minerals were moderated –
minimum and maximums still require the
application of nutritional knowledge
Conclusions
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Vitamins
• Changes in minimum concentrations
with many now aligning with the NRC
• A number of upper limits were removed
(such as dietary E in dog food) for
practical and scientific reasons
Changes to AAFCO Profiles Will Improve the Health of Pets