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Bio 221 - Lab 4
Appendicular Skeleton
I. Appendicular Skeleton: This skeletal division includes the bones
of the limbs (i.e. arms & legs), and the bones of the girdles. All of
the bones in the appendicular skeleton are normally paired;
therefore, there is a right and a left version for each of the
following bones. Be prepared to identify appendicular bones as
either “right” or “left”. You should also know to which skeletal
division the bones belong, their classification (based on shape),
their name, and their assigned markings.
A. Bones of the Upper Limbs
 Humerus
 Head
 Surgical Neck
 Greater tubercle
 Lesser tubercle
 Deltoid tuberosity
 Trochlea
 Capitulum
 Radial fossa
 Coronoid fossa
 Olecranon fossa
 Radius
 Head
 Neck
 Radial tuberosity
 Styloid process
 Ulna
 Olecranon/olecranon process
 Trochlear notch
 Coronoid process
 Radial notch (the indentation lateral to the coronoid
process that receives the head of the radius)
 Styloid process
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 Carpal bones/carpals
 Metacarpals – Numbered 1-5 from the thumb to the
smallest finger
 Phalanges – Most digits have three phalanges (except the
thumb, which is missing the middle phalanx); the phalanges
in each digit are numbered 1-5 from the thumb to the little
finger. An example of a complete name for one of these
bones is: “proximal phalanx 1”
 Proximal phalanx
 Middle phalanx
 Distal phalanx
B. Pectoral Girdle
 Clavicle
 Medial end/sternal end
 Lateral end/acromial end
 Scapula(e)
 Spine
 Acromion (at the lateral end of the spine)
 Coracoid process
 Glenoid cavity or glenoid fossa
 Supraspinous fossa (the depression above the spine)
 Infraspinous fossa (the depression below the spine)
 Subscapular fossa (the broad depression on the anterior
side of the scapula)
 Medial/vertebral border
 Lateral/axillary border
C. Bones of the lower limb
 Femur
 Head
 Fovea capitis (pit on the head of the femur)
 Neck
 Greater trochanter
 Lesser trochanter
 Patellar surface
 Medial condyle
 Lateral condyle
 Intercondylar fossa
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 Tibia
 Medial condyle
 Lateral condyle
 Intercondylar eminence
 Tibial tuberosity
 Medial malleolus
 Fibula
 Head
 Lateral malleolus
 Patella (page 212, fig. 6.20c)
 Tarsal bones/Tarsals
 Metatarsals - Numbered 1-5 from big toe to the smallest toe
 Phalanges – Most digits have three phalanges (except the
big toe, which is missing the middle phalanx); the phalanges
in each digit are numbered 1-5 from the big toe to the
smallest toe. An example of a complete name for one of
these bones is: “distal phalanx 3”
 Proximal phalanx
 Middle phalanx
 Distal phalanx
D. Pelvic Girdle
 Ossa coxae/os coxa/coxal bones
 Ilium
 Iliac crest
 Anterior superior iliac spine
 Posterior superior iliac spine
 Ala
 Greater sciatic notch
 Ischium
 Ischial spine
 Lesser sciatic notch (indentation inferior to ischial
spine)
 Ischial tuberosity
 Pubic bone/Pubis
 Acetabulum
 Obturator foramen
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E. Bony Pelvis – The bones of the pelvic girdle combined with the
sacrum make up the bony pelvis. Be able to identify the gender
(i.e. male or female) of select bony pelves in lab as well as the
following features:
 Sacroiliac joint
 Pubic symphysis
 Pubic arch/angle
F. Knee Joint
 Bones
 Femur (proximal bone)
 Tibia (larger & medial of the two distal bones)
 Fibula (skinnier & lateral of the two distal bones)
 Patella
 Ligaments
 Medial/Tibial Collateral Ligament (look medially
between femur & tibia)
 Lateral/Fibular Collateral Ligament (look laterally
between femur & fibula)
 Patellar Ligament (between patella & tibia)
 Anterior Cruciate Ligament (anterior diagonal ligament
between femur & tibia, #8 on model)
 Posterior Cruciate Ligament (posterior diagonal
ligament between femur & tibia, #9 if labeled on model)
 Menisci
 Medial Meniscus (medial cartilaginous pad between
femur & tibia)
 Lateral Meniscus (lateral cartilaginous pad between
femur & tibia)
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