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Bio 221 - Lab 4 Appendicular Skeleton I. Appendicular Skeleton: This skeletal division includes the bones of the limbs (i.e. arms & legs), and the bones of the girdles. All of the bones in the appendicular skeleton are normally paired; therefore, there is a right and a left version for each of the following bones. Be prepared to identify appendicular bones as either “right” or “left”. You should also know to which skeletal division the bones belong, their classification (based on shape), their name, and their assigned markings. A. Bones of the Upper Limbs Humerus Head Surgical Neck Greater tubercle Lesser tubercle Deltoid tuberosity Trochlea Capitulum Radial fossa Coronoid fossa Olecranon fossa Radius Head Neck Radial tuberosity Styloid process Ulna Olecranon/olecranon process Trochlear notch Coronoid process Radial notch (the indentation lateral to the coronoid process that receives the head of the radius) Styloid process 1 Carpal bones/carpals Metacarpals – Numbered 1-5 from the thumb to the smallest finger Phalanges – Most digits have three phalanges (except the thumb, which is missing the middle phalanx); the phalanges in each digit are numbered 1-5 from the thumb to the little finger. An example of a complete name for one of these bones is: “proximal phalanx 1” Proximal phalanx Middle phalanx Distal phalanx B. Pectoral Girdle Clavicle Medial end/sternal end Lateral end/acromial end Scapula(e) Spine Acromion (at the lateral end of the spine) Coracoid process Glenoid cavity or glenoid fossa Supraspinous fossa (the depression above the spine) Infraspinous fossa (the depression below the spine) Subscapular fossa (the broad depression on the anterior side of the scapula) Medial/vertebral border Lateral/axillary border C. Bones of the lower limb Femur Head Fovea capitis (pit on the head of the femur) Neck Greater trochanter Lesser trochanter Patellar surface Medial condyle Lateral condyle Intercondylar fossa 2 Tibia Medial condyle Lateral condyle Intercondylar eminence Tibial tuberosity Medial malleolus Fibula Head Lateral malleolus Patella (page 212, fig. 6.20c) Tarsal bones/Tarsals Metatarsals - Numbered 1-5 from big toe to the smallest toe Phalanges – Most digits have three phalanges (except the big toe, which is missing the middle phalanx); the phalanges in each digit are numbered 1-5 from the big toe to the smallest toe. An example of a complete name for one of these bones is: “distal phalanx 3” Proximal phalanx Middle phalanx Distal phalanx D. Pelvic Girdle Ossa coxae/os coxa/coxal bones Ilium Iliac crest Anterior superior iliac spine Posterior superior iliac spine Ala Greater sciatic notch Ischium Ischial spine Lesser sciatic notch (indentation inferior to ischial spine) Ischial tuberosity Pubic bone/Pubis Acetabulum Obturator foramen 3 E. Bony Pelvis – The bones of the pelvic girdle combined with the sacrum make up the bony pelvis. Be able to identify the gender (i.e. male or female) of select bony pelves in lab as well as the following features: Sacroiliac joint Pubic symphysis Pubic arch/angle F. Knee Joint Bones Femur (proximal bone) Tibia (larger & medial of the two distal bones) Fibula (skinnier & lateral of the two distal bones) Patella Ligaments Medial/Tibial Collateral Ligament (look medially between femur & tibia) Lateral/Fibular Collateral Ligament (look laterally between femur & fibula) Patellar Ligament (between patella & tibia) Anterior Cruciate Ligament (anterior diagonal ligament between femur & tibia, #8 on model) Posterior Cruciate Ligament (posterior diagonal ligament between femur & tibia, #9 if labeled on model) Menisci Medial Meniscus (medial cartilaginous pad between femur & tibia) Lateral Meniscus (lateral cartilaginous pad between femur & tibia) 4