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REVIEW FOR THE
SEMESTER ONE
MIDTERM EXAM
UNIT 1: RIVER VALLEY & CLASSIC CIVILIZATIONS
UNIT 2: GREECE & ROME
UNIT 3: ISLAM & AFRICA
UNIT 4: BYZANTINE EMPIRE & MIDDLE AGES
REVIEW FOR THE
SEMESTER ONE
MIDTERM EXAM
INSTRUCTIONS:
Go through the slides and answer each
question in the packet; the slide
numbers are listed for each question
The Neolithic
Revolution
is when humans
Neolithic
Revolution
learned how to farm; farming changed
the way humans lived:
People no longer had
to be roaming nomads
Food surpluses led to
population increases
Farming villages became established along river
valleys; the rivers offered good soil, irrigation,
and sources of drinking water
They were all located near rivers that left behind fertile
soil ideal for farming; this made those four areas perfect
places to start a civilization
The geography of Mesopotamia, Ancient
Egypt, the Indus River Valley, and Ancient
China affected their development
LASTING CONTRIBUTIONS
Writing:
Ancient Egyptian hieroglyphics
were both pictograms and
a phonetic alphabet
LASTING CONTRIBUTIONS
Technology:
Ancient Egyptian ideas included a
365-day calendar, geometry,
astronomy, and the pyramids
The followers of Siddharta Gautama (the Buddha) are
called Buddhists; they believe they can achieve
enlightenment and overcome their desires by following
the Eight-Fold Path
LASTING CONTRIBUTIONS
China’s Government:
Like Egypt, China was ruled by
families called dynasties
Rulers justified their power by
claiming
Mandate of
Heaven
(approval
of the gods)
LASTING CONTRIBUTIONS
China’s Government:
Kings could lose the Mandate of
Heaven and be overthrown by a
new king; new rulers could justify
overthrowing a declining dynasty
INDIA’S LASTING CONTRIBUTIONS
India’s Technology:
Most houses in the
well-planned cities of
the Indus River Valley
had advanced
plumbing: toilets and
private bathrooms
connected to
underground sewer
systems
LASTING CONTRIBUTIONS OF MESOPOTAMIA
MESOPOTAMIAN WRITING:
Sumerians (who lived in Mesopotamia)
made the world’s first writing system,
which was called cuneiform
MESOPOTAMIA’S LASTING CONTRIBUTIONS
HAMMURABI’S CODE:
Babylonian King Hammurabi created the first
written law code
Hammurabi’s Code recorded the laws and
displayed them for all to see
Hammurabi’s Code had 282 laws based on
justice and retaliation (for example: “an eye
for an eye”)
The code had different punishments for the
various levels of society
CHINA’S LASTING CONTRIBUTIONS
China’s Government:
China was also ruled by
the ethical system,
Confucianism, which
is based on the
philosophy of the
teacher, Confucius
(born 551 BCE)
Confucianism focused
on filial piety (respect
for elders)
In order to gain one of the
130,000 government jobs, citizens
had to pass a civil service exam
Exams were based
on Confucian teachings
Like the Hindus, the
Buddhists believe in
moksha (nirvana or
enlightenment) and
reincarnation
However, the
Buddhists rejected
the idea of the caste
system and the idea
that only Brahmins
can achieve moksha
PERSIA’S SYSTEM OF CONTROL
Persia controlled
their lands in a
variety of ways
Persian kings were
tolerant; they
allowed conquered
people to keep their
languages and
religions
This kept the
conquered people
content and less
likely to rebel
PERSIA’S ORGANIZED EMPIRE
The Persians used metal coins with
standardized values to help promote trade
The Ten
Commandments
were the rules
and guidelines
for those who
followed
Judaism
WRITING:
–Phoenicians simplified
cuneiform to a 22
letter alphabet
–Phoenician merchants
spread the alphabet
throughout the
Mediterranean world
–The alphabet
influenced the
alphabet used by
Greek and Romans
Gupta Empire: Classical India
India experienced a “golden age” of art,
learning, and science during the Gupta Empire,
which was known as a “classical empire”
Indian astronomers were the first to discover
that the Earth is round
Mathematicians invented modern numerals, the
number zero, pi, and the decimal system
Mountains covered about 75% of Greece; these
barriers divided the Greek people into separate
mountain valleys and made unifying Greece
nearly impossible
Differences Among Greek City-States
Some polis like Athens had a
direct democracy, a
government ruled by citizens
who vote on decisions
This system of voting
would influence
future civilizations,
such as Rome
ROME: AN EMPIRE OF INNOVATION
Rome’s location on the
Mediterranean Sea allowed for
trade and cultural diffusion
(blending of cultures) with other
people and nations
The society of Sparta focused
on military strength, not on
freedom, art, and learning
(like Athens did)
Unlike Athens, the
people of Sparta had
little voice in the
government
Alexander’s greatest legacy: Alexander the Great
brought Greek colonists and culture to Persia
and parts of Asia, blending the cultures together;
this created a new culture called Hellenism
The term “Hellenism” comes from the sun goddess
Helen, which the Greeks thought themselves the
children of; they called Greek culture “Hellenism”
The Influence of the Greeks and Romans
The influence that the Greeks and later on
the Romans had on Western civilization
cannot be overstated
Many facets of modern American life can be
traced back to the innovations of the Greeks
and Romans: things like government, language,
religion, law, education, entertainment,
literature, art, mathematics, astronomy,
engineering, science, buildings, customs,
traditions, sports, philosophy and medicine all
can trace their roots back to Greece and Rome
CHRISTIANITY BECOMES RECOGNIZED
Despite Roman efforts to
suppress it, Christianity spread
throughout the Roman Empire
and gained popularity
In the year 312 CE, Emperor
Constantine made Christianity
legal after recognizing that the
Christian religion was
becoming the dominant one in
his empire
Rome changed to monotheistic
Christianity from their old
polytheistic religion
Greece developed democracy, theater,
geometry, and philosophy
Philosophers like Socrates, Plato, and Aristotle
questioned assumptions, quested for knowledge,
and used logic to find answers to questions
THE PAX ROMANA
Augustus’ 41 year reign marked the beginning
of a 207-year era of peace, wealth, and
expansion called “Pax Romana” (the “Roman
Peace”) from 27 BCE to 180 CE
Pax Romana
Muhammad and Islam
Muhammad began preaching a new monotheistic religion
called Islam that worshipped the same God as the God of
the Jews and Christians, but in a different way
The Decline of the Roman Empire
The decline and fall of the Roman Empire
happened gradually, in three stages
FIRST STAGE: internal problems such as economic
inflation and excessive spending, disruption of trade,
weak leadership, and a disorganized military
SECOND STAGE: there was a brief period of revival as
Emperors Diocletian and Constantine enacted
reforms; however, some of these reforms would help
bring about the Empire’s end
THIRD STAGE: repeated invasions by Germanic
“barbarian” tribes would lead to the conquest of
Rome, bringing the Roman Empire to an end
FROM ROMAN REPUBLIC TO
ROMAN EMPIRE
Julius Caesar’s death changed Rome; the
people no longer trusted the Senate to rule
the Roman Republic and this would lead to
the rise of the Roman Empire
FIVE PILLARS OF ISLAM: SHAHADAH
“There is no god but God, and
Muhammad is the messenger of God”
FIVE PILLARS OF ISLAM: SIYAM
The Fourth Pillar is
Siyam, or fasting
(going without food)
during the month of
Ramadan
FIVE PILLARS OF ISLAM: HAJJ
All adult Muslims who are able to are expected to
make the hajj (a pilgrimage to the city of Mecca) at
least once in their lifetime
The Sunni-Shi’a Split
The disagreement over who should lead Islam after
Muhammad lead to a split between Muslims
Shi’a Muslims rejected Sunni Muslims accepted
the rule of those NOT
the rule of those not
related to Muhammad related to Muhammad
The Shi’a believe that
The Sunni believe that
caliphs must come
caliphs should follow
directly from
Muhammad’s example,
Muhammad’s bloodline but do not have to be
relatives
SHARI’A LAW
Islamic law is shari’a, or
“path to be followed”
Shari’a law encourages
some behaviors, while
forbidding others, such
as eating pork, drinking
alcohol, or gambling
Shari’a also commands
women to “not show
their beauty”, so many
Muslim women cover
themselves to one
degree or another
EAST AFRICA
Arab merchants
brought their
religion with them
to East Africa
Islam was
introduced to the
East African trade
cities through the
Indian Ocean trade
network
BELIEFS OF ISLAM
Because the Muslims
respect parts of the
Bible and Torah, they
consider Christians
and Jews “People of
the Book”
Geography and Navigation
Travelers, like Ibn
Battuta, recorded
information (and in
Ibn’s case, wrote a
book) about their
journeys to the
Muslim lands and
beyond
Mecca is Islam’s
holiest city
The Ka’aba (“The
Cube”) is a 43 foot
high cube structure
that contains altars
and works of art
glorifying Islam; it is
the destination of
Muslim pilgrims
Medicine
Muslims
established the
world’s first
hospitals and
based their
medical
knowledge on
that of
Mesopotamia,
Egypt, and
Greece
Doctors treated ailments through drugs, diet, and exercise;
they also used stitches after performing surgeries
Mathematics
Muslims based their work in math in part on the
ideas from India and Classical Greece
One scholar, Al-Khwarizmi, is called the “father of algebra”,
which is used to solve problems with unknown numbers
University in Timbuktu
Timbuktu became a
trade city that attracted
scholars, religious
leaders, and doctors
As a result of Mansa Musa’s hajj to Mecca, Islamic
learning and culture expanded in West Africa
WEST AFRICA AND ISLAM
SYNCRETISM: the
blending of religious
beliefs
Islam was introduced to
West Africa and slowly
gained converts (people
who switch their beliefs
to a new religion)
Many West Africans
either blended Islam
with Animism or never
converted
Arabia, the Birthplace of Islam
The Arabian
Peninsula
is a desert
region with little
fertile soil or
farming
The harsh
climate and lack
of resources
forced Arabs to
become traders
BELIEFS OF ISLAM
The rules and guidelines
Muslims go by in regards to
their religious practices are
called the Five Pillars of Islam
The Ten
Commandments
serve as rules
and guidelines
for Jews and
Christians, much
like how the Five
Pillars are rules
for Muslims
TRANS-SAHARAN GOLD-SALT TRADE
The societies of West
Africa and North
Africa were shaped
by the Trans-Saharan
gold-salt trade
West Africa had
large deposits of
gold, but no salt
North Africa had
large deposits of
salt, but no gold
When the Roman Empire split in two, the Western
side was taken over by the Germanic tribes, while the
Eastern side stayed strong
The Eastern Roman Empire, now known as the
Byzantine Empire, not only remained together but
survived for nearly a thousand more years
About 50 years after the fall of Western
Rome, Justinian came to power in the
East; he began reconquering Roman
territories lost to the Germanic tribes
ORANGE: OLD ROMAN
TERRITORY THAT JUSTINIAN
ADDED TO BYZANTINE TERRITORY
PURPLE: BYZANTINE EMPIRE WHEN
JUSTINIAN ROSE TO POWER
The Justinian Code
To oversee his empire,
Justinian ordered legal
experts to consolidate
Roman laws into a single
law code
It was called the
“Justinian Code” and
served as the legal basis
for criminal justice,
marriage, property,
slavery, and women’s
rights
The Code would serve as
the basis for the Western
Civilization’s legal system
The Byzantines
This trade increased
Russia’s wealth and
led to cultural
diffusion between the
Byzantines and the
Russians
Byzantine
missionaries (those
who spread religion)
brought Eastern
Orthodox Christianity
north to the Russians
Roman Catholics and Eastern Orthodox
Christians practice their religions differently:
Culture of the Byzantine Empire
Later, the Hagia Sophia (which means “Holy
Wisdom” in Greek) became a mosque and today
is a museum in present-day Turkey; it remains
the greatest example of Byzantine architecture
Culture of the Byzantine Empire
Citizens of the Byzantine
Empire thought of
themselves as Romans; they
shared some similarities with
the Roman Empire
The Byzantines kept GrecoRoman culture alive while
the Western side of the
Roman Empire was plunged
into the Middle Ages
How did physical geography impact the
Byzantine capital of Constantinople?
• Text
Constantinople was a crossroads for trade and business
between Europe, Asia, and Africa because of its location;
this trade made the Byzantine Empire very wealthy
After the fall of the Roman Empire, Feudalism
a new political and social system is based on
called feudalism developed
land
ownership
and loyalty
Lords gave
piece of land
to knights; in
exchange, the
knights gave
the lords their
loyalty and
military
service
Effects of the Crusades
The Crusades brought
cultural diffusion and They increased desires for
introduced new ideas
luxury goods like silk,
into Western Europe cotton, sugar, and spices
They introduced
technologies like compass,
astrolabe, ship designs,
and gunpowder
They introduced ideas like
Arabic numbers, chemistry,
algebra, and telescopes
The Role of the Medieval Church
Roman Catholicism
was the dominant
religion in Western
Europe during the
Middle Ages
The Catholic Church
filled an important role
in peoples’ lives, giving
them a sense of
security and the goal of
reaching Heaven; the
Church provided order
and stability in
Western Europe
The Role of the Medieval Church
Each manor in medieval Europe had a
church which provided order
Medieval Europeans lived on self-sufficient manors (the
lords’
land); the manorial
system
allowed
peasantsAges
to farm
Western
Europe
in
the
Middle
the lord’s land in exchange for part of the food harvested
Landowning
lords offer
pieces of land
(called a “fief”)
to knights
In exchange,
knights offer
lords their
loyalty and a
promise to
protect the lord
and his land
IF YOU HAVE CORRECTLY
ANSWERED ALL OF THE QUESTIONS
ON YOUR REVIEW PACKET, YOU
WILL BE READY FOR THE SEMESTER
ONE MIDTERM EXAM