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First Semester Final Exam Study Guide Question Answer List the three main types of rocks and draw a picture of each. Label the significant features. (Layers, crystals, holes, grains, etc.) Explain how sedimentary rock is created by erosion and weathering. Igneous – magma cools – crystals, holes Metamorphic – heat & pressure – wavy layers, foliation Sedimentary – straight layers, rough, dull, fossils Rocks break (weathering), sediment moves (erosion), settles in layers (deposition), compacts & cements into sedimentary rock You are given a light colored rock (Intrusive)Igneous – dark, shiny spots are crystals formed by slow cooling with dark spots in it that are underground shiny. Infer about the rock type and explain the evidence. How does each rock type form? Draw a picture that helps you to remember. Igneous – fire formed (magma cools) Metamorphic – heat & pressure Sedimentary – compacting & cementing of layers Illustration/Example Igneous Metamorphic Sedimentary Holes Foliated layers compressed together Erosion Weathering Example - Granite Igneous Metamorphic Sedimentary Hardness of a mineral based on Mohs What does a scratch test show geologists about a certain type of scale mineral or rock? Scratch test materials – fingernail, glass, steel nail, streak plate, diamond What tool would a scientist use to most accurately measure mass? Volume? Length? What is the base unit used for each measurement? A student measured the length of a pencil to be 110mm Mass- Triple Beam Balance in grams (g) Volume- Graduated Cylinder in liters (L) Length- Meter stick in meters (m) Question Answer Illustration/Example What is Mohs’ Scale used to determine? Hardness of a mineral. 1= softest - 10=hardest What rock type is pictured? How do you know? Metamorphic – wavy layers Example – marble, gneiss Explain the difference between weathering and erosion. Weathering – breaks rocks Erosion – moves rocks Weathering What is it called when minerals are moved from one place to another resulting in layers? List the properties that help identify rock types. Deposition Example - beaches Color, luster, texture, grain size, hardness, streak, break Rough smooth Density What are the three volcano types and what are they made of? Cinder – ejected ash and rock fragments Shield – slow oozing lava rock Composite – rock and lava layers Erosion Cinder metallic Cleavage 1-10 Mohs Fracture Break Shield Composite Question Answer Illustration/Example Draw and label the rock cycle and explain how it works. Rocks change by weathering & erosion breaking down, compacting & cementing (sedimentary), heat & pressure (metamorphic), melting & cooling (igneous) Igneous rocks are made from Explain how igneous rocks are created and then changed cooling and hardening of magma – break apart into sedimentary rocks. (weathering) - moves(erosion) deposits in layers – compacts & cements (sedimentary rock) Igneous – formed by magma Which type of rock cannot which destroys fossils have fossils? Why? you found a rock that was black, dull, and had organic matter (plants/ fossils) what kind of rock would it be? Name the rock. 1. Sedimentary, only sedimentary rock can have organic matter (fossils) 2. It would be coal due to the color and luster. What would a rare, colorful mineral with a luster and hardness of 8 or 9 on moh’s mineral hardness scale most likely be used for? which area would wind be a major agent of erosion? (dunes, a hillside, grassy area, forest) A gemstone like a diamond This is because they are difficult to scratch and damage Sand dunes would be eroded most by the wind. Erosion is the movement of sediment Too hot – melts fossils Coal is made from the remains of plants in ancient swamps from millions of years ago. Question Answer Illustration/Example Explain what seismic waves are, name the three types, and which is the most destructive. Vibrations created by earthquakes Primary (p) waves, Secondary waves (s), surface waves (most destructive) What is the evidence for the theory of continental drift? Matching fossils, continents fit like a puzzle, rock layers matching, glacier grooves, sea-floor spreading, gps Name the three types of plate boundaries, explain their movement, and give one result of each. Divergent – spreading / rift valleys Convergent – collide – volcanoes, trenches Transform – side to side earthquakes What instrument is used to measure the magnitude of an earthquake? Seismograph What tool would be used to measure something in mm? mm stands for millimeters, which I can measure the diameter of a rock in mm is a unit to measure length. A meter stick would be used (S) waves Divergent (P) waves Surface waves Convergent Transform Question Answer Illustration/Example What is a hot spot? Give two examples of places fueled by hot spots. Mantle plume that creates volcanoes in the middle of plates Island chains, supervolcanoes, etc. Examples – Hawaii, Yellowstone On Mohs’ scale of hardness, what are the softest and hardest minerals? Can quartz be scratched by a penny or calcite? What is the movement of the plates caused by? Softest – Talc Hardest- Diamond No, quarts is a 7, and a penny and calcite are lower Talc What is subduction? Which types of plate boundaries have subduction zones? (Be specific about the types of plates involved, and which one subducts) Subduction is the process that recycles rock back into the mantle at convergent boundaries. Oceanic plates subduct because they are more dense. If it’s two oceanic plates converging, then the older plate will subduct After you have completed an experiment and you find that your hypothesis is incorrect, what should be done next? Change your hypothesis and test again. What is the mass measurement for the object on the triple beam balance above? Diamond Convection in the mantle. Hot magma rises- cools and sinks moving the plates above 272.1g 200 + 70 + 2.1 = 272.1 *always label with grams (g) Why are safety rules important in the lab? Question To keep students and teachers safe Safety First Answer When is it okay to begin using materials in the lab? What is a graduated cylinder used to measure and what label should be used for objects that it measures? What is the measurement of the liquid? When given permission by the teacher What is a meniscus? How do you measure using the meniscus? Meniscus- the curve of the water in a graduated cylinder Measure from the bottom of the curve About how old is the earth? What evidence do scientists have to support this? 4.5 - 4.6 billion years old Rocks give the age Describe intrusive and extrusive igneous rocks and explain the difference between them. Intrusive igneous rocks form below Earth’s surface as magma cools more slowly. These have larger minerals. GC – measures volume of liquids and irregular objects Label with mL for liquids; cm3 for irregular objects 43 millileters (mL) Illustration/Example “You may begin.” Liquids Irregular objects Check the scale of the GC to be sure it is by 1 Meniscus Rocks give relative age Extrusive igneous rocks form on the surface as lava cools quickly. Vesicular and uniform color- example: obsidian Describe intrusive and extrusive igneous rocks and explain the difference between them. Intrusive – form inside the earth Extrusive- form on the earth’s surface Intrusive Formation Underground Example Granite (crystals) Extrusive Formation Above ground Example Pumice (holes)