Download Semester 1 Study Guide Key

First Semester Final Exam Study Guide
Question
Answer
List the three main types of
rocks and draw a picture of each.
Label the significant features.
(Layers, crystals, holes, grains,
etc.)
Explain how sedimentary rock is
created by erosion and
weathering.
Igneous – magma cools – crystals, holes
Metamorphic – heat & pressure – wavy
layers, foliation
Sedimentary – straight layers, rough, dull,
fossils
Rocks break (weathering), sediment
moves (erosion), settles in layers
(deposition), compacts & cements into
sedimentary rock
You are given a light colored rock (Intrusive)Igneous – dark, shiny spots
are crystals formed by slow cooling
with dark spots in it that are
underground
shiny. Infer about the rock type
and explain the evidence.
How does each rock type form?
Draw a picture that helps you to
remember.
Igneous – fire formed (magma cools)
Metamorphic – heat & pressure
Sedimentary – compacting &
cementing of layers
Illustration/Example
Igneous
Metamorphic
Sedimentary
Holes
Foliated layers
compressed
together
Erosion
Weathering
Example - Granite
Igneous
Metamorphic
Sedimentary
Hardness of a mineral based on Mohs
What does a scratch test show
geologists about a certain type of scale
mineral or rock?
Scratch test materials – fingernail, glass, steel
nail, streak plate, diamond
What tool would a scientist use
to most accurately measure
mass? Volume? Length? What is
the base unit used for each
measurement?
A student measured the length of a pencil to be
110mm
Mass- Triple Beam Balance in grams
(g)
Volume- Graduated Cylinder in liters
(L)
Length- Meter stick in meters (m)
Question
Answer
Illustration/Example
What is Mohs’ Scale used to
determine?
Hardness of a mineral.
1= softest - 10=hardest
What rock
type is
pictured? How
do you know?
Metamorphic – wavy layers
Example – marble, gneiss
Explain the difference
between weathering and
erosion.
Weathering – breaks rocks
Erosion – moves rocks
Weathering
What is it called when
minerals are moved from one
place to another resulting in
layers?
List the properties that help
identify rock types.
Deposition
Example - beaches
Color, luster, texture, grain size,
hardness, streak, break
Rough
smooth
Density
What are the three volcano
types and what are they
made of?
Cinder – ejected ash and rock
fragments
Shield – slow oozing lava rock
Composite – rock and lava
layers
Erosion
Cinder
metallic
Cleavage
1-10
Mohs
Fracture
Break
Shield
Composite
Question
Answer
Illustration/Example
Draw and label the rock cycle
and explain how it works.
Rocks change by weathering &
erosion breaking down,
compacting & cementing
(sedimentary), heat & pressure
(metamorphic), melting &
cooling (igneous)
Igneous rocks are made from
Explain how igneous rocks
are created and then changed cooling and hardening of magma
– break apart
into sedimentary rocks.
(weathering) - moves(erosion) deposits in layers – compacts &
cements (sedimentary rock)
Igneous – formed by magma
Which type of rock cannot
which destroys fossils
have fossils? Why?
you found a rock that was
black, dull, and had organic
matter (plants/ fossils) what
kind of rock would it be?
Name the rock.
1. Sedimentary, only
sedimentary rock can
have organic matter
(fossils)
2. It would be coal due to
the color and luster.
What would a rare, colorful
mineral with a luster and
hardness of 8 or 9 on moh’s
mineral hardness scale most
likely be used for?
which area would wind be a major agent of erosion? (dunes, a
hillside, grassy area, forest)
A gemstone like a diamond
This is because they are difficult
to scratch and damage
Sand dunes would be eroded
most by the wind. Erosion is the
movement of sediment
Too hot – melts fossils
Coal is made from the remains of plants in ancient
swamps from millions of years ago.
Question
Answer
Illustration/Example
Explain what seismic waves
are, name the three types,
and which is the most
destructive.
Vibrations created by
earthquakes
Primary (p) waves, Secondary
waves (s), surface waves (most
destructive)
What is the evidence for the
theory of continental drift?
Matching fossils, continents fit like a
puzzle, rock layers matching,
glacier grooves, sea-floor
spreading, gps
Name the three types of plate
boundaries, explain their
movement, and give one
result of each.
Divergent – spreading / rift valleys
Convergent – collide – volcanoes,
trenches
Transform – side to side earthquakes
What instrument is used to
measure the magnitude of an
earthquake?
Seismograph
What tool would be used to
measure something in mm?
mm stands for millimeters, which I can measure the diameter of a rock in mm
is a unit to measure length.
A meter stick would be used
(S) waves
Divergent
(P) waves
Surface waves
Convergent
Transform
Question
Answer
Illustration/Example
What is a hot spot? Give two examples
of places fueled by hot spots.
Mantle plume that creates volcanoes in the
middle of plates
Island chains, supervolcanoes, etc.
Examples – Hawaii, Yellowstone
On Mohs’ scale of hardness, what
are the softest and hardest
minerals? Can quartz be scratched
by a penny or calcite?
What is the movement of the plates
caused by?
Softest – Talc
Hardest- Diamond
No, quarts is a 7, and a penny and
calcite are lower
Talc
What is subduction? Which types of plate
boundaries have subduction zones? (Be
specific about the types of plates
involved, and which one subducts)
Subduction is the process that recycles
rock back into the mantle at convergent
boundaries. Oceanic plates subduct
because they are more dense. If it’s two
oceanic plates converging, then the older
plate will subduct
After you have completed an
experiment and you find that your
hypothesis is incorrect, what should be
done next?
Change your hypothesis and test again.
What
is the
mass
measurement for the object on the triple
beam balance above?
Diamond
Convection in the mantle.
Hot magma rises- cools and sinks
moving the plates above
272.1g
200 + 70 + 2.1 = 272.1
*always label with grams (g)
Why are safety rules important in
the lab?
Question
To keep students and teachers safe
Safety First
Answer
When is it okay to begin using
materials in the lab?
What is a graduated cylinder used
to measure and what label should
be used for objects that it
measures?
What is the
measurement of
the liquid?
When given permission by the teacher
What is a meniscus? How do you
measure using the meniscus?
Meniscus- the curve of the water in a
graduated cylinder
 Measure from the bottom of the curve
About how old is the earth? What
evidence do scientists have to support
this?
4.5 - 4.6 billion years old
Rocks give the age
Describe intrusive and extrusive
igneous rocks and explain the
difference between them.
Intrusive igneous rocks form below
Earth’s surface as magma cools more
slowly. These have larger minerals.
GC – measures volume of liquids and
irregular objects
Label with mL for liquids; cm3 for
irregular objects
43 millileters (mL)
Illustration/Example
“You may begin.”
Liquids
Irregular
objects
Check the scale of the GC to be sure it is
by 1
Meniscus
Rocks give relative age
Extrusive igneous rocks form on the
surface as lava cools quickly. Vesicular
and uniform color- example: obsidian
Describe intrusive and extrusive
igneous rocks and explain the
difference between them.
Intrusive – form inside the earth
Extrusive- form on the earth’s surface
Intrusive
Formation
Underground
Example
Granite
(crystals)
Extrusive
Formation
Above
ground
Example
Pumice
(holes)