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Presente de subjuntivo Presente de subjuntivo (Present Subjunctive) Introduction In Spanish, there are three moods within which all verb tenses are classified: 1. Indicative The indicative expresses a statement of fact, truth, or belief. Many of the tenses you have already learned are part of the indicative mood. Present: Yo vivo en una casa en las afueras. I live in a house in the suburbs. Preterite: El mecánico arregló mi coche en el taller. The mechanic fixed my car at the shop. Imperfect: Yo siempre hacía quehaceres cuando vivía con mis padres. I always did chores when I lived with my parents. 2. Imperative The imperative is used to command someone to do something. All of the different command forms (familiar, formal, nosotros, vosotros) are part of the imperative mood. Saca la basura. Take out the trash. Preparen la ensalada de papas. Prepare the potato salad. Sch. Spanish 3, Profa Jenkins 1 Presente de subjuntivo 3. Subjunctive The subjunctive is used in a variety of contexts, such as expressing feelings, attitudes, and things that are viewed by the speaker as uncertain or hypothetical. Espero que salgas bien en el examen. I hope that you do well on the test. Formation of the Present Subjunctive To form the present subjunctive, follow the simple steps below: 1. Start with the present tense ‗yo‘ form 2. Drop the ‗o‘ from the end 3. Add the OPPOSITE verb ending -AR verbs use endings normally associated with –ER/-IR verbs -ER/-IR verbs use endings normally associated with –AR verbs The charts below show the subjunctive verb endings: o -AR Verbs -ER/-IR Verbs Yo -e Nosotros -emos Yo -a Nosotros -amos Tú -es Vosotros -éis Tú -as Vosotros -áis Él Ella Ellos -e Ellas Ud Uds Él -en Ella Ud Ellos -a Ellas -an Uds For example: Es importante que tú leas la novela cuidadosamente. It‘s important that you read the novel carefully. Sara recomienda que visitemos el Museo del Prado cuando estamos en Madrid. Sara recommends that we visit the Prado Museum when we‘re in Madrid. Sch. Spanish 3, Profa Jenkins 2 Presente de subjuntivo ¡Atención! Do you remember why you have to start with the present tense o ‗yo‘ form? Any irregularities that occur in the present tense ‗yo‘ form… —GO verbs Stem Changes Spelling Changes Etc. …will also be included in the subjunctive forms! For example: Infinitive: HACER MOSTRAR CONDUCIR hago muestro conduzco Present ‗yo‘: Subjunctive: haga hagamos muestre mostremos hagas hagáis muestres mostréis conduzcas conduzcáis haga hagan muestre conduzca muestren conduzca conduzcamos conduzcan A Note About Stem Changes… As seen above, stem changes that occur in the present tense will also occur in the subjunctive: o –AR & -ER Verbs Just like the present tense, -AR & -ER verbs that have a stem change will change in all forms EXCEPT ‗nosotros‘ and ‗vosotros‘ For example: Stem Change VOLVER (o-ue) vuelva volvamos vuelvas volváis vuelva vuelvan Sch. Spanish 3, Profa Jenkins inside the BOOT! 3 Presente de subjuntivo o –IR Verbs Unlike –AR & -ER verbs, -IR verbs that stem change in the subjunctive will have a stem change in all six of their forms, including ‗nosotros‘ and ‗vosotros‘. However, the stem change in the ‗nosotros‘ and ‗vosotros‘ forms may be different than the other forms. In the ‗nosotros‘ and ‗vosotros‘ forms, the possible stem changes are: e i & o u. For example: DORMIR (o-ue) SENTIR (e-ie) duerma durmamos sienta sintamos duermas durmáis sientas sintáis duerma duerman sienta sientan Es buena idea que tú duermas por lo menos siete horas. It‘s a good idea that you sleep at least seven hours. Es una lástima que él no se sienta bien. It‘s a shame that he doesn‘t feel well. Spelling Changes Some verbs have a spelling change in the subjunctive. This spelling change occurs in ALL six verb forms. Verbs that end in… Spelling Change in Subjunctive -zar -ce -car -que -gar -gue For example: PRACTICAR Es importante que nosotros practique practiquemos practiques practiquéis It‘s important that we practique practiquen practice. Sch. Spanish 3, Profa Jenkins practiquemos. 4 Presente de subjuntivo Totally Irregular Verbs There are 6 verbs that are totally irregular in the subjunctive: Infinitive Subjunctive Ir Ser Estar vaya vayamos vayas vayáis vaya Infinitive Subjunctive dé demos des deis vayan dé den sea seamos sepa sepamos seas seáis sepas sepáis sea sean sepa sepan esté estemos haya hayamos estés estéis hayas hayáis esté estén haya hayan Dar Saber Haber* * The verb HABER is a presentative verb (there is/are). The basic form—haya—is the only form used as a main verb. The remaining forms are used as helping verbs in compound tenses that you will learn later. Uses of the Present Subjunctive There are many contexts that require the use of the subjunctive in Spanish To help you learn to use the subjunctive, remember the acronym below: Want, wish, will Emotion Impersonal expressions Recommendations Doubt, & advice Each of these uses of the subjunctive is explained in the following pages of this packet. disbelief, denial Ojalá The subjunctive is most often used in statements comprised of two clauses—a main clause and a subordinate clause—which are connected by the conjunction ―que‖. For example: Es bueno que tú ayudes con los quehaceres domésticos. Main Clause Connector Subordinate Clause Sch. Spanish 3, Profa Jenkins 5 Presente de subjuntivo o The main clause contains an expression that triggers the use of the subjunctive (See WEIRDO acronym) o The subordinate clause contains the verb in the subjunctive o Note that, in statements that use the subjunctive, the subject changes between the main clause and the subordinate clause! Necesito que tú vayas al supermercado. I need for you to go to the supermarket. This statement uses the subjunctive because: 1. It expresses want/wish/will 2. It has both clauses and the connector ―que‖ 3. It has a change of subject (‗yo‘ in the main clause, ‗tú‘ in the subordinate clause). Necesito ir al supermercado. I need to go to the supermarket. This statement does NOT use the subjunctive because: 1. It does not have both a main clause and a subordinate clause, nor does it have a connector 2. It does not have a change of subject, therefore an infinitive is used WEIRDO Explained Now let‘s take a closer look at each of the WEIRDO categories that require the use of the subjunctive. ant, Wish, Will The subjunctive is used when expressing what you want or wish for another person to do. Below are some common main clauses that express want, wish, and/or will. Sch. Spanish 3, Profa Jenkins 6 Presente de subjuntivo En español… En inglés… Querer que… To want that Esperar que… To hope that Desear que… To wish that Preferir que… To prefer that Rogar que… To beg/plead that Necesitar que… To need that Insistir en que… To insist that Pedir que… To ask/request that Prohibir que… To prohibit that Importar que… To matter/be important that Mandar que… To order that Examples: Mamá necesita que nosotros limpiemos la casa. Mom needs for us to clean the house. Sara prefiere que yo prepare panqueques. Sara prefers that I prepare pancakes. motion The subjunctive is also used when expressing an emotion, feeling or attitude toward something Below are some main clauses that commonly express emotion, attitude, and/or feeling Sch. Spanish 3, Profa Jenkins 7 Presente de subjuntivo En español… En inglés… Alegrarse (de) que… To be happy that Gustar que… To like that Molestar que… To bother that Sentir que… To regret/be sorry that Sorprender que… To surprise that Temer que… To fear that Tener miedo (de) que… To be afraid that Examples: Siento que tu abuelo esté tan enfermo. I‘m sorry that your grandfather is so sick. Me sorprende que ellos se casen ya. I‘m surprised that they‘re getting married already. mpersonal Expressions Another common context which requires the subjunctive is impersonal expressions Impersonal expressions often convey someone‘s opinion or judgment about something, but these expressions are phrased in an impersonal way, most often following the pattern ―es + adjective + que‖ Below are several impersonal expressions frequently used with the subjunctive En español… En inglés… Es bueno que… It‘s good that Es malo que… It‘s bad that Es importante que… It‘s important that Sch. Spanish 3, Profa Jenkins 8 Presente de subjuntivo Es mejor que… It‘s better that Es necesario que… It‘s necessary that Es urgente que… It‘s urgent that Es extraño que… It‘s strange that Es una lástima que… It‘s a shame that Es ridículo que… It‘s ridiculous that Es terrible que… It‘s terrible that Es triste que… It‘s sad that Es buena/mala idea que… It‘s a good/bad idea that Examples: Es extraño que haya tanto tráfico hoy. It‘s strange that there is so much traffic today. Es importante que conservemos los recursos naturales. It‘s important that we conserve natural resources. ecommendations & Advice The subjunctive is also used in contexts in which you recommend or advise that someone do something Some common main clauses that express a recommendation or advice are: En español… En inglés… Aconsejar que… To advise that Sugerir que… To suggest that Recomendar que… To recommend that Sch. Spanish 3, Profa Jenkins 9 Presente de subjuntivo Examples: Sugiero que pienses en este nuevo tratamiento. I suggest that you think about this new treatment. El camarero recomienda que pidamos el salmón. The waiter recommends that we order the salmon. oubt, Disbelief, Denial Another common reason to use the subjunctive is when the statement expresses doubt, disbelief, denial or uncertainty Below are several main clauses that express doubt, disbelief and/or denial En español… En inglés… Dudar que… To doubt that Negar que… To deny that No creer que… To not believe that No estar seguro/a (de) que… To not be sure that No es cierto que… No es verdad que… It‘s not true that No es seguro que… It‘s not certain that Es imposible que… It‘s impossible that Es improbable que… It‘s improbable that (No) Es posible que… It‘s (not) possible that (No) Es probable que… It‘s (not) probable that Sch. Spanish 3, Profa Jenkins 10 Presente de subjuntivo Examples: Dudo que aprueben la nueva ley de conservación. I doubt that they‘ll approve the new conservation law. Es posible que la deforestación lleve a la extinción de varias especies de animales. It‘s possible that deforestation will lead to the extinction of various species of animals. jalá The word ―ojalá‖ is quite common in Spanish ―Ojalá‖ is actually derived from Arabic, when it was used to express the sentiment ―May God (Allah) grant that…‖ The most common contemporary interpretation of ―ojalá‖ is ―hopefully‖, but keep in mind that it is much stronger than simply saying ―Espero que…‖ The phrase ―Ojalá que…‖ is followed by the subjunctive Example: Ojalá que podamos proteger las especies en peligro de extinción. Hopefully we can protect endangered species. Sch. Spanish 3, Profa Jenkins 11 Presente de subjuntivo Additional Uses of the Subjunctive In addition to the WEIRDO categories, there are some other common situations that require the use of the subjunctive o Conjunctions Conjunctions are used to connect other words/phrases With some conjunctions, the subjunctive is used to express a situation or action that is uncertain or hypothetical The following conjunctions always require the subjunctive: En español… En inglés… A menos que Unless Antes (de) que Before Con tal (de) que Provided that En caso (de) que In case Para que So that Sin que Without Example: Voy al taller para que arreglen mi carro. I‘m going to the shop so that they may fix my car. Some conjunctions, however, can be used with either the subjunctive or the indicative, depending on the context: Use the indicative when expressing something that habitually happens or something that happened in the past Use the subjunctive when expressing a future action En español… En inglés… Cuando When Después de que After Sch. Spanish 3, Profa Jenkins 12 Presente de subjuntivo En cuanto As soon as Hasta que Until Tan pronto como As soon as Examples: Indicative Siempre recogemos mucha basura cuando vamos al parque. We always pick up a lot of trash when we go to the park. Subjunctive El problema no va a mejorar hasta que reduzcamos el uso de los combustibles. The problem isn‘t going to improve until we reduce the use of fossil fuels. o Adjective Clauses The subjunctive is used in adjective clauses that refer to someone or something that either does not exist or whose existence is uncertain Examples: Nonexistent No encontré ningunos zapatos que me gusten en la zapatería. I didn‘t find any shoes that I like in the shoe store. Uncertain Busco un banco que me dé un préstamo. I‘m looking for a bank that will give me a loan. In contexts in which the adjective clause refers to someone or something that is clearly known, certain or definite, the indicative is used. Sch. Spanish 3, Profa Jenkins 13 Presente de subjuntivo When NOT to Use the Subjunctive Now that you‘ve learned a variety of contexts that require the subjunctive, let‘s review the contexts in which you do NOT use the subjunctive Remember…when expressing something that is believed to be true or certain, or when making a statement of fact, you use the indicative—NOT the subjunctive Below are some phrases that require the indicative En español… En inglés… To not doubt that No dudar que… No cabe duda que… No hay duda que… There is no doubt that To not deny that No negar que… Creer que… To believe/think that Pensar que… Estar seguro/a (de) que… To be sure that Es seguro que… It‘s certain that Es verdad que… Es cierto que… Es obvio que… It‘s true that It‘s obvious that Examples: Es obvio que el cambio climático es un problema grave. It‘s obvious that climate change is a serious problem. No cabe duda que la contaminación del agua presenta una amenaza severa a los animales marinos. There‘s no doubt that water pollution presents a severe threat to marine animals. Sch. Spanish 3, Profa Jenkins 14