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1 Notes On Darwin Chapter 4 Charles Darwin was born in England on the 12th of February 1809 in the tiny merchant town of Shrewsbury, England, he died on the 19th of April 1882 Darwin develops the idea of natural selection. His father, Dr. R.W. Darwin, was as a medical doctor, and his grandfather, Dr. Erasmus Darwin, was a renowned botanist. Darwin’s mother, Susanna, died when he was only 8 years old. Darwin graduated Christ's College with a bachelor of arts degree in 1831, Henslow recommended him for a naturalist’s position aboard the HMS Beagle. Darwin was surrounded by religion. Study a system of all living things. Darwin always asked questions; he was very curious. Darwin came from a long line of questioners. Darwin would kill animals in order to collect specimen to catalog them Darwin was 22 when he was invited on the voyage. The ship that he took the voyage was called the H.M.S. Beagle. It took Darwin and the crew 2 months to travel from England to the Southern Hemisphere. It took 2 months to cross the equator. Darwin visited ecologically diverse regions such as Brazil, Chile, Australia, the Falkland Islands and the Galapagos Islands. Darwin’s favorite book was written by Charles Lyell. “Principles of Geology” was Darwin’s favorite book. Darwin made the facts adapt to his opinion. The voyage changed his mind about being a preacher. Darwin discovered fossils made by big animals. The 1800s was all about beliefs. At the point he was a Geologist not a Biologist. His experiments move slowly. He married his 1st Cousin Lived off his family’s wealth Darwin had 3 of his 10 children die. The Galapagos Islands that Darwin found most of his findings is owned by Ecuador. The “Origin of Species” took twenty years before it was submitted for review. His 1859 book ‘On the Origin of Species’, detailed much of his research on natural selection, it contained a large amount of evidence to back up his ideas and became a landmark work in the field of evolutionary biology. 2 Ecology Notes Chapter 4 Ecosystem - All of the organisms living in an area together with their physical environment. Biotic Factors – Are living and once living parts of an ecosystem, including all of the plants & animals. Abiotic Factors - are non living parts of the ecosystem. Organism – An Individual living thing. An Individual organism is part of a population, a community, an ecosystem, and the biosphere. Species – A group of organisms that can mate to produce fertile offsprings. Population – All the members of the same species that live in the same place at the same time. Community – A group of various species that live in the same place and interact with each other. Habitat – The place an organism lives. Every habitat has specific biotic and Abiotic factors that the organisms living there need to survive. Coevolution – The process of two species evolving in response to long-term interactions with each . Natural Selection – To describe the survival & reproduction of organisms with particular traits. Evolution – A change in the genetic characteristics of a population from one generation to the next. Adaptation – An inherited trait that increases an organism’s chance of survival & reproduction in a certain environment. Artificial Selection – The selective breeding of organisms by humans for specific characteristics. By selecting which domesticated animals and plants breed, humans cause evolution by artificial selection. 3 Resistance – The ability of one or more organisms to tolerate a particular chemical designed to kill it. Invertebrates – Animals that lack a backbone. Vertebrates – Animals that have backbones. Mammals – Are warm-blooded vertebrates that have fur and feed their young milk. Plants - Are many-celled organisms that have cell walls and that make their own food using the sun’s energy. Protists – Are a diverse group of one-celled organisms and their many-celled relatives. (Amoebas & Diatoms) Fungi – Is an organism whose cells have nuclei and cell walls. (mushrooms) 4 KINGDOM ARCHAE BACTERIA PROTISTA FUNGI PLANTAE ANIMALIA CELL TYPE Prokaryote Prokaryote Eukaryote Eukaryote Eukaryote Eukaryote NUMBER OF CELLS Unicellular Unicellular Most unicellular; some colonial, some multi cellular Most multicellular; some unicellular Multicellular Multicellular CELL WALLS (if present, what is it made of?) Present, without peptidoglycan Present, without peptidoglycan If present, composed of cellulose Present, composed of chitin Pre sent, composed of cellulose Absent TYPE OF NUTRITION Autotroph or heterotroph Autotroph or heterotroph Autotroph or heterotroph Heterotroph Autotroph Heterotroph TYPE OF REPRODUCTION Asexual Asexual (binary fission) Asexual or sexual Asexual or sexual Asexual or sexual Sexual SOME EXAMPLES Halobacterium (likes salt), Thermoproteus (likes hot water Escherichia coli, Pneumococcus Amoeba, p aramecium, slime molds, algae Mushrooms , yeasts Mosses, ferns, pines, flowering plants , trees Insects, s piders, fish, birds, mammals