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In Spanish, we use Ud. (usted) or Uds. (ustedes) to say “you” or “you-all” formally, or respectfully. person of authority – adult – teacher – doctor… Note: Ud. (usted) is used to talk to one person formally, whereas Uds. (ustedes) is used to talk to more than one person formally. Highlighted below in blue are the present tense verb endings for Ud./Uds. Note: Él/Ella also have the same ending as Ud. and Ellos/Ellas have the same ending as Uds. -ar o amos as áis a an -er o emos es éis e en -ir o imos es ís e en Note: The Ud./Uds. endings for –er and –ir verbs are the same (e, en). Examples with usted (you, for): You (for) are buying the shirt. (comprar) Ud. compra la camisa. You (for) are eating breakfast. (comer) Ud. come el desayuno. You (for) are beating the eggs. (batir) Ud. bate los huevos. Examples with ustedes (you-all, for): You-all (for) are buying the shirt. (comprar) Uds. compran la camisa. You-all (for) are eating breakfast. (comer) Uds. comen el desayuno. You-all (for) are beating the eggs. (batir) Uds. baten los huevos. Now, instead of describing to that person what they are doing, we are going to respectfully tell that person what to do. This is called using an Ud./Uds. command. The spelling of a verb is different when it is used as a command. When a verb is written in the Ud./Uds. form as a command, -ar verbs have the regular –er/-ir verb endings, and –er/-ir verbs have the regular –ar endings in the Ud./Uds. forms. Ud./Uds. Regular Verb Endings (not commands) -ar -er -ir a an e en e en Ud./Uds. Command Verb Endings -ar -er e en a an -ir a an In other words, -ar and –er/-ir verbs “switch” Ud./Uds. verb endings when used in command form. Examples with usted (you, for) commands: Buy the shirt. (comprar) Ud. compre la camisa. Eat breakfast. (comer) Ud. coma el desayuno. Beat the eggs. (batir) Ud. bata los huevos. Examples with ustedes (you-all, for) commands: Buy the shirt. (comprar) Uds. compren la camisa. Eat breakfast. (comer) Uds. coman el desayuno. Beat the eggs. (batir) Uds. batan los huevos. If you want to tell someone respectfully not to do something, this is called a negative command. To make a command negative, add no before the verb. Examples of negative Ud./Uds.commands: Beat the eggs. (batir) not negative Ud. bata los huevos. Don’t beat the eggs. (batir) negative Ud. no bata los huevos. Beat the eggs. (batir) not negative Uds. batan los huevos. Don’t beat the eggs. (batir) negative Uds. no batan los huevos. Consider the Ud./Uds. conjugations of the following verbs in the present tense (estar, ir & ser are irregular verbs in the present tense): dar saber estar ir ser usted da sabe está va es ustedes dan saben están van son All of these verbs are irregular (do not following the “add e/en for –ar commands” or “add a/an for –er/-ir commands” rules) in the Ud./Uds. command forms: usted ustedes dar dé den saber sepa sepan estar esté estén ir vaya vayan ser sea sean For example: You (for) are going to the kitchen. (not a command) Ud. va a la cocina. Go to the kitchen. (command) Ud. vaya a la cocina. Verbs that end in –car, -gar, and –zar also have a special spelling change when used as an Ud./Uds. command. car: c qu gar: g gu zar: z c buscar busque pagar pague empezar empiece Note: This is very similar to how these verbs change in the preterite tense, but it is not completely the same. If an accent is added to the “e” in these verbs, these change from an Ud./Uds. command to the preterite yo form of the verb. The verb empezar is an eie stem-changing verb in the present tense, so to be written as a command, it needs to change from zc and eie. Examples: (Notice the difference that an accent mark makes!) busque – means “You (for) search for.” It is the Ud. present tense command form. busqué – means “I searched for.” It is the yo preterite tense form. pague – means “You (for) pay.” It is the Ud. present tense command form. pagué – means “I paid.” It is the yo preterite tense form. empiece – means “You (for) begin.” It is the Ud. present tense command form. empecé – means “I began.” It is the yo preterite tense form. Why does the Ud. command for of empezar have an “i” but not the preterite yo form? -ar verbs do not change stem in the preterite tense (only –ir verbs do). However, Ud./Uds. commands are in the present tense, so they still undergo stem-changes. empezar is an eie stem-changing verb in the present tense, and thus the Ud. command form is… empezar empiece -In other words, this verb has a stem-change (eie) plus another special spelling change (zc) in the Ud./Uds. command forms.