Download Rough ER

Endoplasmic Reticulum
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Was discovered in 1945 by Albert Claude in
Belgium.
Eukaryotic organelle that forms an
interconnected network of tubules, vesicles
and cisternae within cells.
It flattens sacs that serve a variety of functions
in the cell.
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Synthesize proteins
In certain white blood cells, the rough ER
produces antibodies.
In pancreatic cells the rough ER produces
insulin.
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Within the cytoplasm of cells lies the
endoplasmic reticulum .
Ribosomes attached to the endoplasmic
reticulum are called Rough ER.
 Protein is formed within the interior to the
endoplasmic reticulum. These proteins are destined
for secretion, storage, or incorporation into
membranes.
 There main function is to separate proteins that stay
from the ones that do not.
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Smooth ER lacks attached ribosomes and
appears more tubular than rough ER, where
as the rough ER appeared as more of a maze.
Smooth ER gives the cell the ability to
perform a variety of specialized functions.
Smooth ER functions in the synthesis of
lipids, carbohydrate metabolism, and
detoxification.
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The Golgi is composed of flattened fluid-filled sacs that
controls the flow of molecules in a cell.
 This is also the case of protein.
Carbohydrates are added to the protein to complete its
production.
 Proteins made within the rough ER bud off in vesicles
and are transported to the Golgi where the vesicles fuse
with the membrane and the components are further
modified.
 This finished product, glycoprotein, is taken from the
Golgi apparatus and is transported by a vesicle of the cell
membrane.
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Research has made it clear that the accumulation
of misfolded proteins contributes to a number of
neurodegenerative, immune, and endocrine
pathologies, as well as other age-related illnesses.
 Research focuses on the possibility that the
buildup of misfolded proteins can also contribute
to vascular and cardiac diseases.
 However, evidence that supports this research is
correlative evidence, which is flawed as it is
unwise to assume that correlation always implies
causation.
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When glucose levels become excessive, an ER
stress response is initiated. This response is
thought to suppress insulin. This down
regulation of insulin is characteristic in type
two diabetes.
Correlative evidence shows that ER stress
markers are present in deceased persons that
suffered from Alzheimer's, Parkinson's, and
Huntington's disease.