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Gracefield School – Homework Helpers English Terminology Term abstract noun acronym acrostic Year 4 5 3 Guidance The name given to a thought, idea, quality or emotion A word formed by the first letters of other words. A poem, phrase or sentence in which the first letters of each line or word spell out a word of special significance. Active 6 adjective 2 adverb 2 4 When the subject of the sentence performs the action. (Compare with passive). Describing words. (KS1) Adjectives may be used before a noun to make the noun’s meaning more specific, or, after the verb “be” as its complement. (KS2) Describing words usually ending in “ly”. (KS1) Adverbs modify verbs, adjectives, another adverb or a clause. (KS2) Adverbs are sometimes said to describe manner or time. An adverbial phrase acts like an adverb by saying where, when or how. A sound pattern in which several words begin with the same letter. Words arranged in the order found in the alphabet. Two words are antonyms if their meanings are opposite. An apostrophe shows the place of a missing letter. An apostrophe marks possession. ( before the S for singular) ( after the S for plural) Adverbial 5 4 Alliteration 2 Alphabetical order Antonym apostrophe (omission) apostrophe (possessive) (plural possessive) 2 6 2 3 4 article 3 Bracket 5 Definite article – “the” Indefinite article – “a” or “an” Brackets are used within a sentence to include information that is not essential to the main point. Example The boy smiled with happiness. PIN – personal identification number Soft and silent Now falling Over the fields, a Winter wonderland. The school arranged a visit. The dog chased the cat The pupils did some good work. (adj. before the noun) Their work was good. (adj. after the verb) John was snoring loudly. The match was really exciting. Fortunately, it didn’t rain. She finished her work early. The bus leaves in five minutes. She saw him last night. Bert blows big bubbles. Apple, banana, carrot, date. Hot – cold up – down I’m going out and I won’t be long. Jane’s mother went to town in Dan’s car. The dogs’ bowls were empty. (More than one dog.) The dog found a bone in an old box. Mum agreed to give James a pocket-money increase (five pounds) if he kept his room clean. Bullet points 6 Bullet points break up text into easy to see lists. capital letter 1 2 Capital letters are used for names of people and places, the personal pronoun “I”, the days of the week, the months of the year and to start a sentence. (KS1) Extend to include titles, holidays, acronyms, abbreviations, initials, trade names, after speech marks to begin speech, religions, languages etc. (KS2) A clause is a special type of phrase containing a verb. Clauses may be main or subordinate. A text has cohesion if it is clear how the meanings of its parts fit together. KS2 clause 3 cohesion 5 colon 3 5 6 comma 2 Use a colon to introduce a list. Use a colon to introduce a quote. A colon may be used between independent clauses when the second sentence explains, illustrates, paraphrases, or expands on the first sentence. A punctuation mark used to: • separate items in a list (Class 2) • to show embedded or subordinate clauses (Class 3) • after fronted adverbials (Year 4) • to indicate parenthesis (Year 5) • to clarify meaning or avoid ambiguity (Year 5) common exception words 1 Frequently used words that do not follow usual spelling rules. complement 4 complex sentence 5 A word or group of words which complete the meaning of a word or sentence. A sentence with a main clause and one or more subordinate clauses. • Blue jumper • Grey trousers • School blazer I, Mr Smith, Adam, Mary, Bristol, Gracefield School, England, Monday, December, Prince Harry, Queen Elizabeth, Goldilocks and the Three Bears, Tesco, Kellogs, KS1, Christian, French etc. The boy, who was called Christopher, lived in Bristol. A visit has been arranged for Year 5, to the Mountain Peaks Field Study Centre, leaving school at 9.30am. This is an overnight visit. The centre has beautiful grounds and a nature trail. During the afternoon, the children will follow the trail. You will need: a book, a pen, a pencil and a ruler. My favourite line in the poem is: “ I must go down to the sea again.” John said: “I need to do my homework now.” He got what he worked for: a prize! Apples, oranges, grapes, melon and pears. The boy, wearing a green cap, walked into the room. Later that day, I heard the bad news. John, the boy we met earlier, was standing on the cliff top. Some examples include: the, a, do, to, today, of, said, says, are, were, was, is, his, has, I, you, your, they, be, he, me, she, we, no, go, so, by, my, here, there, where, love, come, some, one, once, ask, friend, school, put, push, pull, full, The present made him happy. Although he was very rich, he was very unhappy. compound sentence 4 compound word conjunction connective 2 3 consonant letters contraction 1 2 dash definition determiner 5 3 4 A dash is used to separate parts of a sentence. Meaning of words. A determiner specifies a noun as known or unknown, and it goes before any modifiers (e.g. adjectives or other nouns). dialogue 3 The words spoken. direct speech 3 ellipsis … 6 exclamation mark ! 1 Direct speech quotes, the exact words spoken. When we use direct speech in writing, we place the words spoken between quotation marks " " An ellipsis (three dots) indicates that part of the text has been intentionally been left out. An exclamation mark usually shows strong feeling, such as surprise, anger or joy. Using an exclamation mark when writing is rather like shouting or raising your voice when speaking. fact fiction finite verb 2 2 5 first person 4 A sentence where two equal clauses are joined with words such as and, but or so. A word made up of two other words. A word used to link sentences, phrases and words. A word that links two pieces of information in a sentence. A word that links two different sentences. All letters of the alphabet apart from a,e,i,o,u A contraction is a shortened form of one or two words. In a contraction, an apostrophe takes the place of the missing letter or letters. Something that is definitely true and can be proved. Writing that is made up. Sentences typically have at least one verb which is either past or present tense. Such verbs are called ‘finite’. The imperative verb in a command is also finite. Writing about yourself. It was late and he was tired. football, homework, something and, but, when, while, because etc. when, while, because etc. meanwhile, later, therefore, consequently etc. b,c,d,f,g,h,j,k,l,m,n,p,q,r,s,t,v,w,x,y,z I am – I’m Cannot – can’t Is not – isn’t How is – how’s The boy – called Christopher – lives in Bristol. As given in a dictionary. • articles (the, a or an) • demonstratives (e.g. this, those) • possessives (e.g. my, your) • quantifiers (e.g. some, every). “What time will you be home?” “About four o’clock.” Mum said, “What time will you be home?” “There is a fly in my soup,” said the man. Anna looked up and saw… • She shouted at him, "Go away!" • He exclaimed: "What a fantastic house you have!" • "Good heavens!" he said, "Is that true?" • "Help!" Charles Dickens wrote the book “A Christmas Carol”. Most story books. Lizzie does the dishes every day. (present tense) Hannah did the dishes yesterday. (past tense) Do the dishes, Sam! (imperative) I am going to the party on Saturday. We like to play football. My cat is called Fluffy. fronted 5 full-stop 1 future 4 glossary 2 homonym 3 homophone 2 Two different words are homophones if they sound exactly the same when pronounced. hyphen 5 Hyphens are used to join words or parts of words to avoid ambiguity. Indirect speech inverted commas “ “ main clause 3 4 modal verb 5 noun noun – common noun – proper 1 2 2 noun -abstract 4 noun - collective 3 A word or phrase that normally comes after the verb may be moved before the verb. When writing fronted phrases, we often follow them with a comma. A punctuation mark that appears at the end of a sentence. Reference to future time can be marked in a number of different ways in English. All these ways involve the use of a present tense verb. A list which explains the meaning of specialist or technical words written in alphabetical order. Words that have the same spelling as another word and the same sound but a different meaning. Indirect speech (also called reported speech) is usually used to talk about the past. Inverted commas are not used. Also called speech marks. A clause that can form a complete sentence standing alone, having a subject, a verb and a complete thought. An auxiliary verb that expresses necessity or possibility. A word for a person or a thing. A general name given to an item. A name used for an individual person, place, or organization, spelled with an initial capital letter. A noun denoting an idea, quality, or state rather than a concrete object A word referring to a group. Before we begin, make sure you’ve got a pencil. The day after tomorrow, I’m visiting my granddad. The boy sat on his chair. He will leave tomorrow He may leave tomorrow. He leaves tomorrow. He is going to leave tomorrow. This document is a glossary! There was a tear in the page of Adam’s new book. Adam felt a tear roll down his face. Has he left yet? He went through the door on the left. hear – here some – sum to – too - two A man eating shark on a beach watched a man-eating shark in the water. When she had recovered from her injury, she re-covered her favourite chair. He told me that he was tired. She said that she had seen him yesterday. “I need to do my homework,” said John. Anna kicked the washing machine. Anna = subject Kicked = verb must, shall, will, should, would, can, could, may and might. book, car, table, boy, dog Jane, London, Oxfam happiness, love, fear A swarm of bees, a flock of sheep. noun phrase 2 A noun phrase is a phrase with a noun as its head. object 6 parenthesis 5 A noun, pronoun, or noun phrase that represents the person or thing toward which the action of a verb is directed Used to enclose information that clarifies or is used as an aside. passive past tense personal pronoun phrase 6 1 2 4 plural possessive pronoun prefix preposition 1 4 3 3 present tense pronoun punctuation 1 3 1 question mark ? relative pronoun 1 5 reported speech 4 Same as indirect speech. root word 2 semi colon ; 6 singular speech marks “ “ Standard English 1 3 5 Words to which prefixes or suffixes can be added to make other words. A punctuation mark used in a sentence to separate clauses One. Also called inverted commas. The form of the English language widely accepted as the usual correct form. Something that has already happened. Pronouns used when writing about ourselves or others. A group of words forming a unit within a sentence, usually excluding a verb. Any meaningful group of words such as a short saying. More than one. Pronouns used to tell us who owns something. A group of letters added to the beginning of a word. A word which indicates the relation of a noun or pronoun to another word to show position or manner. Happening now. Words replacing nouns. Marks such as full-stops, commas and question marks used to make the meaning of written work clearer. A punctuation mark used at the end of a question. A relative pronoun is used to connect a clause or phrase to a noun or pronoun. Some foxes. Foxes with bush tails Adult foxes can jump. Almost all healthy foxes in this area can jump. Tom reads books. Tom is the subject, books is the object. The boy (called Christopher) lives in Bristol. Amy went to town last week. I, you, he, she etc. Happy birthday! I like cats, dogs and children. That is his book, this is mine. Unhappy, disobedient, bifocal. He placed the book on the table. She looked under the bed. Jack is doing his homework. He, she, it, her, him, they, etc. . , ? ! “ : ; ( ) Is it lunchtime yet? Some examples are: who, whom, which, whoever, whomever, whichever and that. He told me that he was tired. She said that she had seen him yesterday. Quick - quickly Jack really didn't mind being left without a car; he had the house to himself.” Cat, dog, child. Mum said, “It’s time for tea.” Language spoken and written without use of slang or local dialect. subject 6 subordinate clause 3 suffix syllable synonym tense 2 1 6 2 verb 2 A “doing” or “being” word. The surest way to identify verbs is by the ways they can be used: they can usually have a tense, either present or past. vowel word word class 3 1 3 word family 3 The letters a,e,i,o,u The basic unit of language. Every word belongs to a word class which summarises the ways in which it can be used in grammar. Word classes are sometimes called ‘parts of speech’. The words in a word family are related to each other. T.Horton July 2015 The word or words in a sentence which represent the person or thing about which something is said. A phrase which adds extra information to a sentence but which does not make sense on its own. A group of letters added to the end of a word. The smallest unit of speech consisting of a sound. Words with a very similar meaning to another word. The change of form in a verb expressing the time the action took place. The girl ran across the road. He visited his sister, who was in hospital. Quickly, careful, danced. Asleep has two syllables ‘a-sleep’ Quick – fast - speed I go (present tense) I went (past tense) I will go (future tense) The boy sang because he was happy. a,e,i,o,u cat The major word classes for English are: noun, verb, adjective, adverb, preposition, determiner, pronoun, conjunction. teach – teacher extend - extent – extensive - extension