Download Gracefield School – Homework Helpers English Terminology

Gracefield School – Homework Helpers
English Terminology
Term
abstract noun
acronym
acrostic
Year
4
5
3
Guidance
The name given to a thought, idea, quality or emotion
A word formed by the first letters of other words.
A poem, phrase or sentence in which the first letters of
each line or word spell out a word of special significance.
Active
6
adjective
2
adverb
2
4
When the subject of the sentence performs the action.
(Compare with passive).
Describing words. (KS1)
Adjectives may be used before a noun to make the noun’s
meaning more specific, or, after the verb “be” as its
complement. (KS2)
Describing words usually ending in “ly”. (KS1)
Adverbs modify verbs, adjectives, another adverb or a
clause. (KS2)
Adverbs are sometimes said to describe manner or time.
An adverbial phrase acts like an adverb by saying where,
when or how.
A sound pattern in which several words begin with the
same letter.
Words arranged in the order found in the alphabet.
Two words are antonyms if their meanings are opposite.
An apostrophe shows the place of a missing letter.
An apostrophe marks possession. ( before the S for
singular)
( after the S for plural)
Adverbial
5
4
Alliteration
2
Alphabetical order
Antonym
apostrophe (omission)
apostrophe (possessive)
(plural possessive)
2
6
2
3
4
article
3
Bracket
5
Definite article – “the”
Indefinite article – “a” or “an”
Brackets are used within a sentence to include
information that is not essential to the main point.
Example
The boy smiled with happiness.
PIN – personal identification number
Soft and silent
Now falling
Over the fields, a
Winter wonderland.
The school arranged a visit.
The dog chased the cat
The pupils did some good work.
(adj. before the noun)
Their work was good.
(adj. after the verb)
John was snoring loudly.
The match was really exciting.
Fortunately, it didn’t rain.
She finished her work early.
The bus leaves in five minutes.
She saw him last night.
Bert blows big bubbles.
Apple, banana, carrot, date.
Hot – cold
up – down
I’m going out and I won’t be long.
Jane’s mother went to town in Dan’s car.
The dogs’ bowls were empty.
(More than one dog.)
The dog found a bone in an old box.
Mum agreed to give James a pocket-money increase
(five pounds) if he kept his room clean.
Bullet points
6
Bullet points break up text into easy to see lists.
capital letter
1
2
Capital letters are used for names of people and places,
the personal pronoun “I”, the days of the week, the
months of the year and to start a sentence. (KS1)
Extend to include titles, holidays, acronyms,
abbreviations, initials, trade names, after speech marks to
begin speech, religions, languages etc. (KS2)
A clause is a special type of phrase containing a verb.
Clauses may be main or subordinate.
A text has cohesion if it is clear how the meanings of its
parts fit together.
KS2
clause
3
cohesion
5
colon
3
5
6
comma
2
Use a colon to introduce a list.
Use a colon to introduce a quote.
A colon may be used between independent clauses when
the second sentence explains, illustrates, paraphrases, or
expands on the first sentence.
A punctuation mark used to:
• separate items in a list (Class 2)
• to show embedded or subordinate clauses (Class
3)
• after fronted adverbials (Year 4)
• to indicate parenthesis (Year 5)
• to clarify meaning or avoid ambiguity (Year 5)
common exception words
1
Frequently used words that do not follow usual spelling
rules.
complement
4
complex sentence
5
A word or group of words which complete the meaning of
a word or sentence.
A sentence with a main clause and one or more
subordinate clauses.
• Blue jumper
• Grey trousers
• School blazer
I, Mr Smith, Adam, Mary, Bristol, Gracefield School,
England, Monday, December, Prince Harry, Queen
Elizabeth, Goldilocks and the Three Bears, Tesco,
Kellogs, KS1, Christian, French etc.
The boy, who was called Christopher, lived in Bristol.
A visit has been arranged for Year 5, to the Mountain
Peaks Field Study Centre, leaving school at 9.30am. This
is an overnight visit. The centre has beautiful grounds
and a nature trail. During the afternoon, the children
will follow the trail.
You will need: a book, a pen, a pencil and a ruler.
My favourite line in the poem is:
“ I must go down to the sea again.”
John said: “I need to do my homework now.”
He got what he worked for: a prize!
Apples, oranges, grapes, melon and pears.
The boy, wearing a green cap, walked into the room.
Later that day, I heard the bad news.
John, the boy we met earlier, was standing on the cliff
top.
Some examples include: the, a, do, to, today, of, said,
says, are, were, was, is, his, has, I, you, your, they, be,
he, me, she, we, no, go, so, by, my, here, there, where,
love, come, some, one, once, ask, friend, school, put,
push, pull, full,
The present made him happy.
Although he was very rich, he was very unhappy.
compound sentence
4
compound word
conjunction
connective
2
3
consonant letters
contraction
1
2
dash
definition
determiner
5
3
4
A dash is used to separate parts of a sentence.
Meaning of words.
A determiner specifies a noun as known or unknown, and
it goes before any modifiers (e.g. adjectives or other
nouns).
dialogue
3
The words spoken.
direct speech
3
ellipsis …
6
exclamation mark !
1
Direct speech quotes, the exact words spoken. When we
use direct speech in writing, we place the words spoken
between quotation marks " "
An ellipsis (three dots) indicates that part of the text has
been intentionally been left out.
An exclamation mark usually shows strong feeling, such
as surprise, anger or joy. Using an exclamation mark
when writing is rather like shouting or raising your voice
when speaking.
fact
fiction
finite verb
2
2
5
first person
4
A sentence where two equal clauses are joined with
words such as and, but or so.
A word made up of two other words.
A word used to link sentences, phrases and words.
A word that links two pieces of information in a sentence.
A word that links two different sentences.
All letters of the alphabet apart from a,e,i,o,u
A contraction is a shortened form of one or two words. In
a contraction, an apostrophe takes the place of the
missing letter or letters.
Something that is definitely true and can be proved.
Writing that is made up.
Sentences typically have at least one verb which is either
past or present tense. Such verbs are called ‘finite’.
The imperative verb in a command is also finite.
Writing about yourself.
It was late and he was tired.
football, homework, something
and, but, when, while, because etc.
when, while, because etc.
meanwhile, later, therefore, consequently etc.
b,c,d,f,g,h,j,k,l,m,n,p,q,r,s,t,v,w,x,y,z
I am – I’m
Cannot – can’t
Is not – isn’t
How is – how’s
The boy – called Christopher – lives in Bristol.
As given in a dictionary.
• articles (the, a or an)
• demonstratives (e.g. this, those)
• possessives (e.g. my, your)
• quantifiers (e.g. some, every).
“What time will you be home?”
“About four o’clock.”
Mum said, “What time will you be home?”
“There is a fly in my soup,” said the man.
Anna looked up and saw…
•
She shouted at him, "Go away!"
•
He exclaimed: "What a fantastic house you
have!"
•
"Good heavens!" he said, "Is that true?"
•
"Help!"
Charles Dickens wrote the book “A Christmas Carol”.
Most story books.
Lizzie does the dishes every day. (present tense)
Hannah did the dishes yesterday. (past tense)
Do the dishes, Sam! (imperative)
I am going to the party on Saturday.
We like to play football.
My cat is called Fluffy.
fronted
5
full-stop
1
future
4
glossary
2
homonym
3
homophone
2
Two different words are homophones if they sound
exactly the same when pronounced.
hyphen
5
Hyphens are used to join words or parts of words to avoid
ambiguity.
Indirect speech
inverted commas “ “
main clause
3
4
modal verb
5
noun
noun – common
noun – proper
1
2
2
noun -abstract
4
noun - collective
3
A word or phrase that normally comes after the verb may
be moved before the verb.
When writing fronted phrases, we often follow them
with a comma.
A punctuation mark that appears at the end of a
sentence.
Reference to future time can be marked in a number of
different ways in English. All these ways involve the use of
a present tense verb.
A list which explains the meaning of specialist or technical
words written in alphabetical order.
Words that have the same spelling as another word and
the same sound but a different meaning.
Indirect speech (also called reported speech) is usually
used to talk about the past. Inverted commas are not
used.
Also called speech marks.
A clause that can form a complete sentence standing
alone, having a subject, a verb and a complete thought.
An auxiliary verb that expresses necessity or possibility.
A word for a person or a thing.
A general name given to an item.
A name used for an individual person, place, or
organization, spelled with an initial capital letter.
A noun denoting an idea, quality, or state rather than a
concrete object
A word referring to a group.
Before we begin, make sure you’ve got a pencil. The
day after tomorrow, I’m visiting my granddad.
The boy sat on his chair.
He will leave tomorrow
He may leave tomorrow.
He leaves tomorrow.
He is going to leave tomorrow.
This document is a glossary!
There was a tear in the page of Adam’s new book.
Adam felt a tear roll down his face.
Has he left yet?
He went through the door on the left.
hear – here
some – sum
to – too - two
A man eating shark on a beach watched a man-eating
shark in the water.
When she had recovered from her injury, she
re-covered her favourite chair.
He told me that he was tired.
She said that she had seen him yesterday.
“I need to do my homework,” said John.
Anna kicked the washing machine.
Anna = subject Kicked = verb
must, shall, will, should, would, can, could, may
and might.
book, car, table, boy, dog
Jane, London, Oxfam
happiness, love, fear
A swarm of bees, a flock of sheep.
noun phrase
2
A noun phrase is a phrase with a noun as its head.
object
6
parenthesis
5
A noun, pronoun, or noun phrase that represents the
person or thing toward which the action of a verb is
directed
Used to enclose information that clarifies or is used as an
aside.
passive
past tense
personal pronoun
phrase
6
1
2
4
plural
possessive pronoun
prefix
preposition
1
4
3
3
present tense
pronoun
punctuation
1
3
1
question mark ?
relative pronoun
1
5
reported speech
4
Same as indirect speech.
root word
2
semi colon ;
6
singular
speech marks “ “
Standard English
1
3
5
Words to which prefixes or suffixes can be added to make
other words.
A punctuation mark used in a sentence to separate
clauses
One.
Also called inverted commas.
The form of the English language widely accepted as the
usual correct form.
Something that has already happened.
Pronouns used when writing about ourselves or others.
A group of words forming a unit within a sentence,
usually excluding a verb.
Any meaningful group of words such as a short saying.
More than one.
Pronouns used to tell us who owns something.
A group of letters added to the beginning of a word.
A word which indicates the relation of a noun or pronoun
to another word to show position or manner.
Happening now.
Words replacing nouns.
Marks such as full-stops, commas and question marks
used to make the meaning of written work clearer.
A punctuation mark used at the end of a question.
A relative pronoun is used to connect a clause or phrase
to a noun or pronoun.
Some foxes.
Foxes with bush tails
Adult foxes can jump.
Almost all healthy foxes in this area can jump.
Tom reads books.
Tom is the subject, books is the object.
The boy (called Christopher) lives in Bristol.
Amy went to town last week.
I, you, he, she etc.
Happy birthday!
I like cats, dogs and children.
That is his book, this is mine.
Unhappy, disobedient, bifocal.
He placed the book on the table.
She looked under the bed.
Jack is doing his homework.
He, she, it, her, him, they, etc.
. , ? ! “ : ; ( )
Is it lunchtime yet?
Some examples are: who, whom, which,
whoever, whomever, whichever and that.
He told me that he was tired.
She said that she had seen him yesterday.
Quick - quickly
Jack really didn't mind being left without a car; he had
the house to himself.”
Cat, dog, child.
Mum said, “It’s time for tea.”
Language spoken and written without use of slang or
local dialect.
subject
6
subordinate clause
3
suffix
syllable
synonym
tense
2
1
6
2
verb
2
A “doing” or “being” word.
The surest way to identify verbs is by the ways they can
be used: they can usually have a tense, either present or
past.
vowel
word
word class
3
1
3
word family
3
The letters a,e,i,o,u
The basic unit of language.
Every word belongs to a word class which summarises the
ways in which it can be used in grammar. Word classes
are sometimes called ‘parts of speech’.
The words in a word family are related to each other.
T.Horton
July 2015
The word or words in a sentence which represent the
person or thing about which something is said.
A phrase which adds extra information to a sentence but
which does not make sense on its own.
A group of letters added to the end of a word.
The smallest unit of speech consisting of a sound.
Words with a very similar meaning to another word.
The change of form in a verb expressing the time the
action took place.
The girl ran across the road.
He visited his sister, who was in hospital.
Quickly, careful, danced.
Asleep has two syllables ‘a-sleep’
Quick – fast - speed
I go (present tense)
I went (past tense)
I will go (future tense)
The boy sang because he was happy.
a,e,i,o,u
cat
The major word classes for English are: noun, verb,
adjective, adverb, preposition, determiner, pronoun,
conjunction.
teach – teacher
extend - extent – extensive - extension