Download Unit 6 Cell Growth and Reproduction

Unit 6 Cell Growth and Reproduction
Standards Addressed
Essential Questions
BIO B.1.1.1.Describe the events that occur during
the cell cycle: interphase, nuclear division (i.e.
mitosis or meiosis), cytokinesis.
How do new cells arise from the division
of pre-existing cells?
BIO B.1.1.2.Compare the processes and outcomes
of mitotic and meiotic nuclear divisions.
their environment, and reproduce?
How do organisms live, grow, respond to
How are the characteristics of one
generation passed to the next?
BIO B.2.1.2.Describe process that can alter
composition or number of chromosomes (i.e
crossing-over, nondisjunction, duplication,
translocation, deletion, insertions and inversions).
How and why do organisms interact with
their environment and what are the
effects of these interactions?
How can there be so many similarities
among organisms yet so many different
kinds of plant, animals, and
microorganisms?
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1
Cell Division and the Cell Cycle
Cell division is the process where _______ cell, called the _________________ cell, divides to form ________
new cells referred to as _____________________ cells.
Eukaryotic cells are more complicated since they have multiple ________________________________ and
many other ____________________________. All of these cell parts must be _______________________
and then ________________________ when the cell divides.
Cell division in Prokaryotes
Prokaryotic cells divide by _______________________ ___________________________.
Place the number of the step in the appropriate place on the diagrams above.
1. DNA Replication
2. Chromosome Segragation
Explain the events that occur in each of these steps”
DNA Replication
Chromosome Segration
Separation
2
3. Separation
Cell Division in Eukaryotes
Before an eukaryotic cell divides, the __________ in the cell must be replicated. Its organelles are also
______________________. The actual cell division occurs in two major steps.
The first step is __________________________ where the __________________ of the cell divides.
The second step is _________________________ where the ____________________________ divides and
_________ daughter cells form.
The Cell Cycle
Define the cell cycle –
Eukaryotic cell cycle
Mitotic phase includes ____________________ and _____________________________. Explain what occurs
during this phase in the space below.
Interphase includes three phases __________, ________ and __________. It is the longest phase of mitosis.
G1 is the ______________________ _________________________. Explain what happens during this phase
below.
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S Phase is the ____________________________ phase. What occurs in this phase?
G2 is the _________________________ _______________________. This is also known as ___________
_____________________ 2. What happens in this phase?
Control of the Cell Cycle
The cell cycle is controlled mainly by _____________________________ _______________________. They
signal the cell to either _____________ or ______________ the next phase of the cycle. These proteins
ensure the cell completes the phases as needed before they move on to the next phase. There are a number
of main _________________________________.
State what happens and where in the cycle these checkpoints occur.
The G1 Checkpoint -
The S checkpoint –
The mitotic spindle checkpoint –
Cancer and the Cell Cycle
Cancer is described as a disease that occurs when ____________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________________________.
What may not cause this cell cycle regulation to occur?
What is a tumor?
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Explain the major steps in each checkpoint by writing in the box.
Complete the chart below explaining how cell division in prokaryotes and eukaryotes differ.
Prokaryotes
Eukaryotes
Number of steps in cycle
Number of chromosomes
Nucleus present (Yes or No)
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Chromosomes and Mitosis
Chromosomes
Chromosomes are coiled structures made of __________________ and _______________________.
Chromosomes are the form of the genetic materials during ___________ ______________________. When
the DNA is not coiled, it is called ____________________________.
Chromatids and the Centromere
DNA condenses after it has been _______________________________. Each chromosome consists of _____
identical copies and these copies are called ____________________________. They are attached to each
other at a ______________________________.
Chromosomes and Genes
The DNA in a chromosome is coded with instructions for making ________________ and they are organized
into units called _______________________. Most ____________________ contain the instructions for a
single protein.
Human Chromosomes
Each human has _______ sets of chromosomes, one ________ from each parent. Humans have a total of
_______ single chromosomes or _______ pairs of chromosomes. Each pair of chromosomes of the same
size and ____________________ and contain the same genes. The pair of chromosomes is known as
_______________________________ ______________________________.
Mitosis and Cytokinesis
During mitosis, the two chromatids for each chromosome ___________________ from each other and move
to _______________________ poles of the cell. Mitosis occurs in four phases, _______________________,
___________________________, _____________________________, and ___________________________.
Describe what occurs in each phase of mitosis:
Prophase –
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The spindles start to form during prophase. ___________________________ on the spindle attach to the
centromeres of sister chromatide.
Metaphase –
Anaphase –
Telophase –
Cytokinesis is the ____________ stage of cell division. During this phase, the cytoplasm splits in __________
and the cell _____________________________.
Draw a diagram of a chromosome with the centromere. label chromatids and centromere.
If a cell skipped metaphase during mitosis, how might this affect the two daughter cells?
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Amoeba Sisters Video Recap of Mitosis: The Amazing Cell Process That Uses Division to Multiply
1.
Mitosis is done by your body
cells. This cartoon illustrates an
exception. What types of cells do
not undergo mitosis?
2.
Describe how mitosis is
important for your body.
3.
This illustration is trying to
demonstrate something that
mitosis is not. In mitosis, the
cells that are created
are
4.
Mitosis is just one small part of
the cell cycle! Describe what
would occur if cells were in
mitosis more than they were in
interphase.
5.
When cells are dividing, it is
important to understand that
they have to move
chromosomes equally to both
cells. Based on this illustration,
describe what a chromosome is
made of.
6.
Mitosis starts and ends with
diploid cells. That means they
have two sets of chromosomes
(both parents each contribute a
set). In humans, how many
chromosomes should be in each
of these diploid cells after
mitosis?
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Sketch the Mitotic Stages
Directions: We encourage you to be creative with a cartoon illustration of your own for each phase. Label the chromosomes,
spindles, and nucleus (if applicable).
Prophase
Metaphase
Anaphase
Telophase
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Reproduction and Meiosis
Reproduction: Sexual vs. Asexual
Reproduction is –
Asexual Reproduction
Asexual reproduction involves a _______________ parent. The offspring are
genetically __________________________ to each other and to the parent.
There are different methods of asexual reproduction: _________________
________________, _______________________ and _________________.
Describe each method of asexual reproduction and give an example of each type.
Binary fission –
Fragmentation –
Budding –
Asexual reproduction can happen very __________________. Explain how is this
an advantage for the asexually reproducing organism?
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Sexual Reproduction
Sexual reproduction involves _____ parents. Parents produce reproductive cells
called __________________ that unite to form an offspring.
Gametes are ___________________ cells which means they contain only _______
the number of chromosomes found in other cells.
Gametes are formed in the process of _______________________. When two
gametes unite the process is called _____________________________. The
fertilized cell is called a __________________. The __________________ is a
_________________ cell which means it has ________________ the number of
chromosomes as a gamete.
Meiosis
Meiosis is the process that produces ________________ cells. Meiosis is a type of
cell division in which the number of _____________________ is reduced by
____________. This process occurs ONLY in _______________ cells of the
organism.
________ cell divisions occur during meiosis, and a total of ___________ haploid
cells are produced. The two cell divisions are called _____________ I and
________________ II.
Phases of Meiosis
Meiosis I begins ________ DNA replicates during interphase.
Outline the four steps of Meiosis I and describe the events in each phase.
Prophase 1 –
Metaphase 1 –
Anaphase 1 –
Telophase 1 –
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How many daughter cells are produced in Meiosis 1?
Meiosis II
Outline the four steps of Meiosis II and describe the events in each phase.
Prophase II –
Metaphase II –
Anaphase II –
Telophase II –
How many cells are the result of Meiosis II?
Gametogenesis
The development of haploid cells into gametes are called ___________________.
Male gametes are called ______________. Female gametes are called ________.
The process that produces mature sperm cells is called _____________________.
The process that produces mature eggs cells is called ______________________.
Sexual Reproduction and Genetic Variation
Sexual reproduction results in offspring that are genetically ________________.
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Reasons for the genetic individuality are:
1.
2.
3.
Sexual Reproduction and Life Cycles
The __________________ life cycle is the simplest cycle. the organism spends the
majority of their life cycle as haploid gametes and as they fuse, they form a
_________________ zygote.
____________________life cycle spend the majority of their lives as diploid adults.
When it is time for these organisms to reproduce, they undergo _______________
to produce_________________ gametes. Can you give an example of this type of
organism?
Some organisms switch back and forth between diploid and haploid stages.
Examples of these are plants, ____________ and some ________________.
Explain why sexual reproduction results in genetically unique offspring.
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Amoeba Sisters Video Recap of Meiosis: The Great Divide
1. The purpose of meiosis is to make
gametes, also known as sperm and egg
cells. In humans, your body cells have 46
chromosomes. How many chromosomes
are in a sperm or egg cell if, when they
come together to form a fertilized zygote,
there are 46 chromosomes? Write the
correct number of chromosomes next to
the sperm and egg.
2. Interphase must occur once before
meiosis can happen. (Same thing for
mitosis). What would happen if
interphase didn’t occur first?
3. Remember that a cell that begins
meiosis has 23 chromosomes inherited
from mother (one is shown in red on the
right in cartoon) and 23 chromosomes
inherited from father (one is shown in
blue on the left in cartoon). In the
process of meiosis, chromosomes begin
to match up in homologous pairs. How
would you know if two chromosomes
were homologous?
4. Crossing over is a very important event
in Prophase I of meiosis! What happens
during crossing over and what is the
significance?
5. Meiosis does PMAT twice! That
means there is a prophase 1 and a
prophase 2. There is a metaphase 1
and a metaphase 2. Etc… If the cartoon
below has chromosomes in the middle
of the cell, how would you know
whether it was in metaphase 1 or
metaphase 2?
6. Meiosis does not always occur
without any difficulties. Describe what
occurs during nondisjunction and the
effect on the resulting cells.
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Can you finish the meiosis chain? Write the correct stage that comes next in each circle. Don’t forget the number that comes
after the stage name! Then write any details about what this stage looks like next to it.
Now let’s play, “Which Clip Would That Be Said In?”
Keeping mitosis and meiosis separate in your mind can be a bit tricky. Read the following speech bubbles.
Determine whether they would be correctly placed in the mitosis clip, the meiosis clip, or both by drawing a
line to the correct place in the Venn diagram.
Interphase
occurs once
before the
process
begins.
Process
ends
with
identical
cells.
Produces
gametes.
Produces 4 cells
that each have 23
chromosomes.
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Crossing
Over
occurs.
Process is
important
for growth
and
repair.
Snurfle Meiosis
Name:
Date:




1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
Click on Snurfle Meiosis App
Click on Continue
Click on Continue
Click on Meiosis and Genetics Interactive and follow directions as you answer the following
questions.
When does interphase occur?
What occurs during interphase?
Uncoiled stringy DNA is called
.
Human cells have
pieces of chromatin.
Half of you DNA comes from your
and half from your
.
DNA has
that determines traits of an organism.
Different forms of a gene are called
.
What are the 2 alleles for fur color in Snurfles and which letters represent those alleles?
9.
is when DNA copies itself and it occurs during
10.
are made during Meiosis. Examples of gametes are
11. Meiosis occurs in
divisions, Meiosis
and Meiosis
.
12. List the phases for Meiosis I.
.
and
.
13. List the phases for Meiosis II.
14.
15.
16.
17.
18.
19.
20.
21.
22.
23.
24.
25.
26.
28.
During prophase I the chromosomes
and become
.
Chromosomes that are the same size and have the same genes are called
.
Each half of a replicated chromosome is called a
.
Sister chromatids of a chromosome are
.
The nucleus
during prophase I.
Homologous chromosomes pair up during prophase I to form a
.
During metaphase I the tetrads line up in the
of the cell.
The homologous chromosomes split up and move toward the opposite ends of the cell during
.
independent cells begin to form during
.
is the division of the cytoplasm to make two new cells.
The 2 new cells that are formed from Meiosis I are
because they contain half of the
chromosome of the original cell that started meiosis.
At the start of Meiosis I you had 1
cell.
Meiosis II must take place because each of our new cells still has too much
.
Draw the chromosomes in Meiosis I. Label the cells as diploid or haploid
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29.
30.
31.
32.
33.
34.
35.
36.
37.
The nucleus
during prophase II.
In Metaphase II the chromosomes line up single file down the
of the cell.
In
the sister chromatids split up.
In Telophase II,
daughter cells are being formed. They are called
Each newly formed cell will form a
around the chromosomes.
The chromosomes
to form
.
occurs at the same time at Telophase II.
At the end of Meiosis II you have made
gametes (sex cells).
Draw and label the Meiosis summary.
38.
39.
40.
41.
42.
43.
44.
45.
46.
47.
48.
49.
50.
51.
52.
53.
54.
If the gametes are produced by a female, they are called
or
.
If the gametes are produced by a male, they are called
.
The
square is a tool that is used to predict the possible offspring of a genetic cross.
The letters on a punnett square actually represent possible
.
When sperm and egg join it is called
.
A fertilized egg is called a
.
g
G
Complete the punnett square to the right.
G
A
is the genetic make-up of an organism.
Give examples of genotypes.
g
A
is the characteristic or appearance of the organism.
Give examples of phenotypes.
Dominant alleles are represented by
letters.
Recessive alleles are represented by
letters.
alleles will show in your phenotype even if it only has one copy.
For recessive traits to show in the phenotype the snurfle will need
copies of the gene.
means an organism has 2 copies of the same allele in its genotype (GG, gg)
means an organism has 2 different alleles in its genotype (Gg, Tt, Rr)
 Click on The Chromosome Quandary and follow the directions
 Click on The Meiosis and Genetics Quiz! Answer the questions.
 Click on Score Sheet. Record Scores. Overall Score:
___ Meiosis and Genetics: _____
Chromosome Quandary: ________ Quiz: _______ Teacher’s Initials: _________
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.
Name _________________________________ Hr _____
Complex patterns of Inheritance - Incomplete Dominance and
Codominance Genetics Problems
Scientists now have a better understanding of Mendelian genetics and know that the Law of Dominance
does not always hold true. There are traits when the alleles seem to share equal strength in organisms,
which is call incomplete dominance, where a blend or the trait will be seen. Other times, both alleles for
a trait will be seen, which is called codominance.
When an organism has incomplete dominance, neither of its alleles is dominant over the other. Instead
the alleles are equal strength so to speak. The phenotype of the heterozygous offspring will be seen as a
blend of the trait being tested.
1. In four o’ clock flowers, there is incomplete dominance; (RR) is the symbol for red coloration, and
(R+R+) is the symbol for yellow coloration. Cross a red male flower with a yellow female flower.
Color each square the color of the flowers produced.
Write the genotype for the male flower. _______________
Write the genotype for the female flower _______________
Write the phenotypic ratio of the offspring ___________________
2. In four o’ clock flowers, there is incomplete dominance; (RR) is the symbol for red coloration, and
(R+R+) is the symbol for yellow coloration. Using the offspring from problem one, cross an orange male
flower with an orange female flower.
Color each square the color of the flowers produced.
What is the genotype symbol for the male flower? __________
What is the genotype symbol for the female flower? _________
Genotypes of offspring
_______
_______
_______
Description of the offspring?
________________________
________________________
________________________
Genotypic ratio = ______________________________
3. Now cross a homozygous male red flower using a heterozygous female offspring from problem one.
Color each square the color of the flowers produced.
What is the genotype symbol for the male flower? __________
What is the genotype symbol for the female flower? _________
Genotypes of offspring
_______
_______
_______
Description of the offspring?
________________________
________________________
________________________
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In some complex inheritance pattern, heterozygous organism will express or show both alleles for a trait.
When both alleles for a trait can be seen the organism is called codominant.
1. In cattle coloration there is a codominance; (R) is the symbol for red hair, (W) is the symbol for white
hair, and (RW) is the symbol for roan. Cross a homozygous red male with a homozygous white female.
What is the genotype symbol of the male? ________
What is the genotype symbol of the female? _______
Genotypes of offspring
___________
Phenotypes of offspring
_____________________________
2. In cattle coloration there is a codominance; (R) is the symbol for red hair, (W) is the symbol for white
hair, and (RW) is the symbol for roan. Now cross a heterozygous roan male with a homozygous white
female.
What is the genotype symbol of the male? ________
What is the genotype symbol of the female? _______
Genotypes of offspring
___________
___________
Phenotypes of offspring
_____________________________
_____________________________
3. Now cross a heterozygous roan male with a heterozygous roan female.
What is the genotype symbol of the male? ________
What is the genotype symbol of the female? _______
Genotypes of offspring
___________
___________
___________
Phenotypes of offspring
_____________________________
_____________________________
_____________________________
Moo
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Mutation Activity:
What can happen when things go wrong?
Objectives:
-
To demonstrate the processes of transcription and
translation.
To demonstrate how the three types of mutations occur
(insertion, deletion, and substitution).
To demonstrate the effects of the three types of
mutations on the amino acid chain produced by a DNA
strand.
Background:
The genetic makeup of all known living things is carried in a genetic material
known as DNA. The bases pair very specifically (A only with T and C only with G)
so that when the DNA molecule replicates every cell has an exact copy of the
DNA strand.
The order of the bases in a DNA molecule is the key to the genetic code of an
individual. Every three bases are known as a codon and codes for an amino acid.
Proteins are made up of amino acids and the order of them determines the
protein made. In this way the order of the bases in the DNA molecule determines
which proteins are made.
DNA is found in the nucleus of the cell, but proteins are made in the ribosomes in
the cell cytoplasm. The mRNA molecule is used to carry the message from the
DNA molecule in the nucleus to the ribosome in the cytoplasm. RNA is very similar
to the DNA molecule except that the base T is replaced with the base U and RNA
is single stranded (one half of the ladder).
At the ribosome, another type of RNA (tRNA) transfers amino acids from the
cytoplasm to the growing amino acid chain at the ribosome.
BUT, sometimes there are problems with the DNA molecule that result in a change
mutation
in the order of bases. This is known as a
and there are three
different types.
1) Deletion: a mutation where a base is left out.
2) Insertion: a mutation where an extra base is added
3) Substitution: a mutation when an incorrect base replaces a correct
base.
There are three possible outcomes when DNA sequences change:
1) An improvement
2) No change at all
3) A harmful change
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Codon Chart
Second Base
First
Base
U
C
A
G
Third
Base
U
Phenylalanine
Serine
Tyrosine
Cysteine
U
U
Phenylalanine
Serine
Tyrosine
Cysteine
C
U
Leucine
Serine
Stop
Stop
A
U
Leucine
Serine
Stop
Tryptophan
G
C
Leucine
Proline
Histidine
Arginine
U
C
Leucine
Proline
Histidine
Arginine
C
C
Leucine
Proline
Glutamine
Arginine
A
C
Leucine
Proline
Glutamine
Arginine
G
A
Isoleucine
Threonine
Asparagine
Serine
U
A
Isoleucine
Threonine
Asparagine
Serine
C
A
Threonine
Lysine
Arginine
A
Threonine
Lysine
Arginine
G
G
Isoleucine
(start)
Methionine
Valine
Alanine
Aspartate
Glycine
U
G
Valine
Alanine
Aspartate
Glycine
C
G
Valine
Alanine
Glutamate
Glycine
A
G
Valine
Alanine
Glutamate
Glycine
G
A
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Mutation Activity:
What can happen when things go wrong?
In this lab you will determine the protein for a normal strand of DNA
and then the protein if each of the three types of mutations occurs
for that particular strand of DNA.
Procedures:
1. The following is a strand of DNA that a protein will be made from. Write the
“transcripted” mRNA in the spaces below it.
2. G – A – C – G – C – C – A – T – G – G – A – A – G – T – C
3. __ - __ - __ - __ - __ - __ - __ - __ - __ - __ - __ - __ - __ - __ - __
4. Draw a line between each codon.
5. Look up the amino acid for each codon on the codon chart and write them
in the spaces below. Be sure to do this in order. This is the “normal protein.”
6. ____________ - _____________ - ____________ - _____________ - ____________
7. The following is the same strand of DNA but with a deletion mutation
in the second codon. Write the “transcripted” mRNA in the spaces below it.
8. G – A – C – G – C – A – T – G – G – A – A – G – T – C
9. __ - __ - __ - __ - __ - __ - __ - __ - __ - __ - __ - __ - __ - __
10. Draw a line between each codon. Do you see any differences between the
codons on this mutated strand and the normal strand? ____________
Describe them. ___________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________
11. Look up the amino acid for each codon on the codon chart and write them
in the spaces below.
12. ____________ - _____________ - ____________ - _____________ - ____________
13. Was the number of amino acids the same as the original strand? ___________
14. How many of the amino acids were the same as the original strand? _______
15. How many of the amino acids were different from the original strand? ______
16. Do you believe that this mutated DNA strand would create the same protein
or a different protein as the original? ________
Why? _____________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________
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17. The following is the same strand of DNA but with an insertion mutation
in the third codon. Write the “transcripted” mRNA bases below it.
18. G – A – C – G – C – C – A – T – A – G – G – A – A – G – T – C
19. __ - __ - __ - __ - __ - __ - __ - __ - __ - __ - __ - __ - __ - __ - __ - __
20. Draw a vertical line between each codon. Do you see any differences
between the codons on this mutated strand and the normal strand? _______
Describe them. ___________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________
21. Look up the amino acid for each codon on the codon chart and write them
in the spaces below.
22. ____________ - _____________ - ____________ - _____________ - ____________
23. Was the number of amino acids the same as the original strand? __________
24. How many of the amino acids were the same as the original strand? _______
25. How many of the amino acids were different from the original strand? ______
26. Do you believe that this mutated DNA strand would create the same protein
or a different protein as the original? ________
Why? ____________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________
27. The following is the same piece of DNA but with a substitution
mutation in the first codon. Write the “transcripted” mRNA bases below it.
28. G – A – A – G – C – C – A – T – G – G – A – A – G – T – C
29. __ - __ - __ - __ - __ - __ - __ - __ - __ - __ - __ - __ - __ - __ - __
30. Draw a vertical line between each codon. Do you see any differences
between the codons on this mutated strand and the normal strand? _______
Describe them. ___________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________
31. Look up the amino acid for each codon on the codon chart and write them
in the spaces below.
32. ____________ - _____________ - ____________ - _____________ - ____________
33. Was the number of amino acids the same as the original strand? ___________
34. How many of the amino acids were the same as the original strand? ________
35. How many of the amino acids were different from the original strand? ______
36. Do you believe that this mutated DNA strand would create the same protein
or a different protein as the original? ________
Why? ____________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________
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Amoeba Sisters Video Recap of Mutations: The Potential Power of a Small Change
Note: You will need an mRNA chart for many of these questions. If you don’t have one, they are easy to find online with your
favorite search engine.
1. Mutations can be harmful, helpful (unlikely), or neutral in
their effect. Often a neutral mutation will not change the
amino acid that it codes for. Using your mRNA chart, give
another mRNA codon that this CUU could mutate to and still
code for Leucine.
2. It is important to understand that in mutations, a specific
part of a nucleic acid experiences the mutation. In the below
cartoon, fill in the blank that describes the part of the DNA
molecule that is experiencing the mutation. Then label where
that part is found on the DNA in the picture below.
The mRNA codon CUU could mutate to C________ and still
code for Leucine, which could be a neutral mutation.
3. Even a gene mutation that is a point mutation, meaning it
affects one nucleotide base, can still make a major change.
Sickle Cell Anemia is caused by a point mutation knows as a
substitution. Complete the following example of a
substitution:
4. An insertion or deletion can result in a frameshift mutation.
To demonstrate this, complete the following:
Normal Strand:
DNA:
GCA
ATG
CAC
If the following is for normal hemoglobin:
mRNA: ___________________________________________
Amino Acids: ______________________________________
Deletion (causing a frameshift):
Taking out the first “G” in the original DNA above results in:
Show what would occur if the first T (“thymine”) DNA base in
the portion shown above mutated to an A (“adenine”).
Sickle Cell Hemoglobin:
DNA:
Portion of mutated hemoglobin DNA: ____________________
Amino Acids:_______________________________________
mRNA: _____________________________________________
How did the frameshift change the amino acids that were
coded?
__________________________________________________
Amino
Acids:_______________________________________________
CAA
TGC
AC
mRNA:____________________________________________
__________________________________________________
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What do you remember about mutations?
For the following, place an “X” if it is true statement.
_____Mutations are random.
_____Mutations are mostly beneficial and useful for an organism.
_____Mutations can occur in both DNA and RNA.
_____Mutations can only occur during interphase.
_____Not all DNA codes for proteins.
_____Not all genes are “turned on” or activated.
_____Substitution mutations typically result in frameshift.
_____Mutations can be genetically inherited.
Illustrate That Chromosome Mutation
Sketch your own cartoon for the following chromosome mutations. Creativity is encouraged!
Duplication
Deletion
Inversion
Translocation
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Name: _____________________________________
TOPIC 6: DNA and its processes
Please use the Council Rock Video Podcast to guide you
1. Label the three parts of a nucleotide to the right.
2. DNA has ______ strands and the bases ___denine, ___ymine, ___tosine,
and ___uanine.
3. RNA has _____ strand and the base ___racil instead of thymine.
4. What are the functions of
mRNA?
tRNA?
5. What are the three different processes that nucleic acid can do?
a.
b.
c.
6. What happens during replication?
7. What happens during transcription?
8. What does AUG code for? ____________________
9. What do UGA, UAA, and UAG code for? ______________________
10. What happens during translation?
11. What is the biology definition of a mutation?
12. What happens during
a. Substitution mutation
b. Insertion point mutation
c. Deletion point mutation
d. Duplication chromosomal mutation
e. Deletion chromosomal mutation
f. Inversion chromosomal mutation
g. Translocation chromosomal mutation
26
rRNA?