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19/03/2015 Unit E: Planet Earth Topic 1: Scientific Study Helps Us Understand the Earth 1 19/03/2015 1.1 – A Model for Earth A. Our Ancient Past 1. Geologists estimate that the Earth is about _____ billion years old 2. Humans appeared on Earth’s surface about _____ million years ago B. Developing a Model 1. A model is an idea of something that can’t be fully __________ or seen 2. It is a way of demonstrating an object or an idea that is difficult to ____________ in its real form C. What’s Inside the Earth 1. Geologists a) Scientists that ____________ Earth b) They use a model to help them understand Earth’s ___________ structure 2. Earth’s Interior a) Inner ____________ i. Mainly _________ iron and nickel ii. Reaches temperatures as high as _______˚C 2 19/03/2015 b) Outer Core i. Thought to be ____________ because the pressure isn’t great enough to turn the molten rock into a solid c) Mantle i. Makes up two-thirds of Earth’s ________ d) Crust i. Everything we see is the crust: mountains, valleys, plains, hills and ____________ ii. It’s _______ km thick D. The Crust 1. It’s the __________ that covers Earth’s surface 2. All living things live _____ 3. It is a rich storehouse of ____________ (iron and copper ore) Iron ore 4. It’s where we get the ____________ fuels (oil, natural gas and coal) 5. Average thickness is __ km 6. Vegetation is only a ____________ covering 7. It’s made up of solid ____________ Coal 3 19/03/2015 Topic 1.1 Review 1. Do you think any of these would make a good model for Earth’s interior? Give reasons for your answers. 2. Give two examples where models are used to serve different purposes. 3. Make and label a drawing showing Earth’s layers as you would see them if a wedge were cut from Earth. Do your best to make the drawing to scale. 1.2 – Earth’s Gradual and Sudden Changes A. Earthquakes 1. Earthquakes are trembling's or ____________ of the ground 2. Caused by a sudden release of ____________ that has been slowly building up in Earth’s crust 3. Focus – the first place where the rocks ____________ below the surface in an earthquake 4. The energy that is released from the focus spreads out as ____________ through Earth 4 19/03/2015 5. Seismic waves – earthquake waves that are released at the ____________ 6. The shaking you feel during an earthquake is caused by the seismic waves moving ____________ the ground 7. Epicenter – the point on the surface directly ____________ the focus B. Measuring Earthquakes 1. Seismograph a) A device that ___________ the waves of energy that spread through Earth from the focus of an earthquake 2. Richter ____________ a) When you hear about the ____________ of an earthquake, it’s given as a number on the Richter Scale b) The scale starts at _____ c) Each increase of 1 represents an increase of _____ times the amount of ground motion Example #1: An earthquake of Richter magnitude 3 is _____ times stronger than one that measures 2. Example #2: An earthquake of Richter magnitude 6 is _______ times stronger than one that measures 3. 5 19/03/2015 C. Volcanoes 1. An ____________ in Earth’s crust through which solid and molten rock, ash, and gases escape 2. Molten rock, or ____________, forces its way up through a weakness in Earth’s crust 3. Lava flows from the side of the volcano or ____________ into the air as a cloud of rock fragments and ash 4. Lava and rock fragments move downhill because of ____________ D. Tools and Techniques for ____________ Earth 1. Geologists studying volcanoes must wear a special suit with a ____________ coating that reflects these intense temperatures. 6 19/03/2015 a) This allows them to get ____________ enough to an eruption to make observations, take measurements, or collect gas and lava samples 2. Some volcanoes __________ outward slightly when the pressure from rising molten rock inside them builds up a) These signs, not visible to the naked eye, can be detected using a ____________ level, a device that measures minute changes in the angle of the ground’s slope E. Weathering, Erosion and Deposition 1. Weathering a) Refers to the mechanical and chemical process that ____________ down rocks by means of water, glacial ice, wind, and waves 2. Erosion a) Occurs when the products of weathering are ____________ from place to place 7 19/03/2015 3. Deposition a) The process of these __________ being laid down or deposited by wind, water, and ice F. Effects of Moving Water 1. Rivers flowing through soil ____________ fine grains and carry them, making the water look muddy. 2. Sediment – the silt, sand, mud and gravel that rivers ________ as they flow 3. Sedimentation a) The process of sediments being ____________, usually at the bottom of oceans, lakes and rivers 4. Landslides a) Sudden and fast ____________ of rocks and soil down a slope b) They usually happen when __________ on the side of a hill gets soaked with water 8 19/03/2015 5. Glaciers a) A moving _____ of ice and snow b) Ice once covered ____________ to heights of 600-1,000 m c) As glaciers flow, they pick up large ____________ fragments that act as grinding tools to carve and scrape landscapes Big Rock, near Calgary Topic 1.2 Review 1. What is believed to be the cause of earthquakes? 2. Why do you think it is difficult to predict earthquakes? 3. What are some instruments and equipment used to investigate earthquakes and volcanoes? 4. Explain the relationship between erosion and weathering. Give some examples of weathering. 5. How does moving water change the landscape? 6. What might happen to a riverbed if sediments are deposited? 7. How do glaciers change the landscape? 9 19/03/2015 1.3 –Rocks and Minerals A. Rocks 1. Made up of many little particles called ________ B. Minerals 1. The building blocks of rocks that are pure, naturally occurring solid ____________ 2. All rocks are made of minerals like limestone (made of ___ mineral) or granite (made of _______ different minerals) Limestone Granite Calcite Quartz Feldspar Mica 3. There are more than ____ different minerals 4. Just _____ minerals combine in different ways to form the majority of rocks in the Earth’s crust: a) ____________ b) ____________ c) ____________ d) ____________ e) ____________ Hornblende 10 19/03/2015 C. Using Properties to Identify Minerals 1. Properties – the ___________ that a material or object has 2. Lustre a) The way the ____________ of a mineral reflects light 3. Cleavage a) If a mineral splits easily into ______ smooth surfaces, it is described as cleavage 4. Fracture a) A ____________ break with rough and uneven surfaces D. Mohs Scale of Hardness 1. The hardness of a mineral is measured by how easily it can be ____________ 2. Mohs Scale of Hardness consists of _____ minerals ranked in order of hardness. Diamond is the hardest 11 19/03/2015 Topic 1.3 Review 1. One of the steps in identifying a rock is to identify the minerals it contains. For example, granite is made of quartz, feldspar, and mica. If you were given an unknown rock, how would you use what you learned in this section to identify it? 2. The properties of minerals are useful for more than just identifying them. Sometimes, properties make a mineral valuable. For example, colour is important in gemstones. What other property that you learned about in this subsection might make a mineral useful or valuable? 12