Download Unit E: Planet Earth

19/03/2015
Unit E: Planet Earth
Topic 1: Scientific Study Helps Us
Understand the Earth
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1.1 – A Model for Earth
A. Our Ancient Past
1. Geologists estimate that the
Earth is about _____ billion
years old
2. Humans appeared on Earth’s
surface about _____ million
years ago
B. Developing a Model
1. A model is an idea of something
that can’t be fully __________
or seen
2. It is a way of demonstrating an
object or an idea that is
difficult to ____________ in
its real form
C. What’s Inside the Earth
1. Geologists
a) Scientists that
____________ Earth
b) They use a model to
help them understand
Earth’s ___________
structure
2. Earth’s Interior
a) Inner ____________
i. Mainly _________
iron and nickel
ii. Reaches
temperatures as
high as _______˚C
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b) Outer Core
i. Thought to be
____________
because the pressure
isn’t great enough to
turn the molten rock
into a solid
c) Mantle
i. Makes up two-thirds of
Earth’s ________
d) Crust
i. Everything we see is
the crust: mountains,
valleys, plains, hills and
____________
ii. It’s _______ km thick
D. The Crust
1. It’s the __________ that
covers Earth’s surface
2. All living things live _____
3. It is a rich storehouse of
____________ (iron and
copper ore)
Iron ore
4. It’s where we get the
____________ fuels (oil,
natural gas and coal)
5. Average thickness is __ km
6. Vegetation is only a
____________ covering
7. It’s made up of solid
____________
Coal
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Topic 1.1 Review
1. Do you think any of these would make a good model for
Earth’s interior? Give reasons for your answers.
2. Give two examples where models are used to serve
different purposes.
3. Make and label a drawing showing Earth’s layers as you
would see them if a wedge were cut from Earth. Do
your best to make the drawing to scale.
1.2 – Earth’s Gradual and Sudden Changes
A. Earthquakes
1. Earthquakes are trembling's or ____________ of
the ground
2. Caused by a sudden release of ____________ that
has been slowly building up in Earth’s crust
3. Focus – the first place where the rocks
____________ below the surface in an earthquake
4. The energy that is released from the focus spreads
out as ____________ through Earth
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5. Seismic waves –
earthquake waves
that are released at
the ____________
6. The shaking you feel
during an earthquake
is caused by the
seismic waves moving
____________ the
ground
7. Epicenter – the point
on the surface
directly
____________ the
focus
B. Measuring Earthquakes
1. Seismograph
a) A device that ___________
the waves of energy that
spread through Earth from
the focus of an earthquake
2. Richter ____________
a) When you hear about the
____________ of an
earthquake, it’s given as a
number on the Richter Scale
b) The scale starts at _____
c) Each increase of 1
represents an increase of
_____ times the amount of
ground motion
Example #1:
An earthquake of
Richter magnitude
3 is _____ times
stronger than one
that measures 2.
Example #2:
An earthquake of
Richter magnitude
6 is _______ times
stronger than one
that measures 3.
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C. Volcanoes
1. An ____________ in
Earth’s crust through
which solid and molten
rock, ash, and gases
escape
2. Molten rock, or
____________,
forces its way up
through a weakness in
Earth’s crust
3. Lava flows from the
side of the volcano or
____________ into
the air as a cloud of
rock fragments and ash
4. Lava and rock
fragments move
downhill because of
____________
D. Tools and Techniques for
____________ Earth
1. Geologists studying
volcanoes must wear a
special suit with a
____________
coating that reflects
these intense
temperatures.
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a) This allows them to get
____________ enough to
an eruption to make
observations, take
measurements, or collect
gas and lava samples
2. Some volcanoes __________
outward slightly when the
pressure from rising molten
rock inside them builds up
a) These signs, not visible to
the naked eye, can be
detected using a
____________ level, a
device that measures
minute changes in the angle
of the ground’s slope
E. Weathering, Erosion and
Deposition
1. Weathering
a) Refers to the
mechanical and
chemical process that
____________ down
rocks by means of
water, glacial ice,
wind, and waves
2. Erosion
a) Occurs when the
products of
weathering are
____________ from
place to place
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3. Deposition
a) The process of
these __________
being laid down or
deposited by wind,
water, and ice
F. Effects of Moving Water
1. Rivers flowing through
soil ____________
fine grains and carry
them, making the
water look muddy.
2. Sediment – the silt,
sand, mud and gravel
that rivers ________
as they flow
3. Sedimentation
a) The process of
sediments being
____________,
usually at the bottom
of oceans, lakes and
rivers
4. Landslides
a) Sudden and fast
____________ of
rocks and soil down a
slope
b) They usually happen
when __________ on
the side of a hill gets
soaked with water
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5. Glaciers
a) A moving _____
of ice and snow
b) Ice once covered
____________
to heights of
600-1,000 m
c) As glaciers flow,
they pick up
large
____________
fragments that
act as grinding
tools to carve
and scrape
landscapes
Big Rock, near Calgary
Topic 1.2 Review
1. What is believed to be the cause of earthquakes?
2. Why do you think it is difficult to predict earthquakes?
3. What are some instruments and equipment used to
investigate earthquakes and volcanoes?
4. Explain the relationship between erosion and
weathering. Give some examples of weathering.
5. How does moving water change the landscape?
6. What might happen to a riverbed if sediments are
deposited?
7. How do glaciers change the landscape?
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1.3 –Rocks and Minerals
A. Rocks
1. Made up of many little
particles called ________
B. Minerals
1. The building blocks of
rocks that are pure,
naturally occurring solid
____________
2. All rocks are made of
minerals like limestone
(made of ___ mineral) or
granite (made of _______
different minerals)
Limestone
Granite
Calcite
Quartz
Feldspar
Mica
3. There are more than
____ different minerals
4. Just _____ minerals
combine in different
ways to form the
majority of rocks in the
Earth’s crust:
a) ____________
b) ____________
c) ____________
d) ____________
e) ____________
Hornblende
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C. Using Properties to
Identify Minerals
1. Properties – the
___________ that a
material or object has
2. Lustre
a) The way the
____________ of
a mineral reflects
light
3. Cleavage
a) If a mineral splits
easily into ______
smooth surfaces, it
is described as
cleavage
4. Fracture
a) A ____________
break with rough and
uneven surfaces
D. Mohs Scale of Hardness
1. The hardness of a mineral
is measured by how easily
it can be ____________
2. Mohs Scale of Hardness
consists of _____
minerals ranked in order
of hardness.
Diamond is the hardest
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Topic 1.3 Review
1. One of the steps in identifying a rock is to identify the
minerals it contains. For example, granite is made of
quartz, feldspar, and mica. If you were given an
unknown rock, how would you use what you learned in
this section to identify it?
2. The properties of minerals are useful for more than
just identifying them. Sometimes, properties make a
mineral valuable. For example, colour is important in
gemstones. What other property that you learned
about in this subsection might make a mineral useful or
valuable?
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