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Greece at War Chapter 4 Section 3 I will be able to describe the effect the Persian War had on Greek civilization. Learning Goal As the Greeks spread throughout the Mediterranean, they battled with the Persian Empire to the East. Began in Ionia, Greeks had long been settled there but around 520 B.C., the Persians conquered the area. When Ionian Greeks revolted, Athens sent ships and soldiers to their aid. The Persian King Darius defeated the rebels and then vowed to destroy Athens in revenge. Challenge of Persia Persian Empire Map After the Battle at Marathon, which reportedly numbered 6,400 Persians dead to only 192 Athenians, the tensions between the two grew stronger. Sometime after, Darius the Great, leader of Persia died, and Xerxes (Darius’ son) became the new Persian King. Xerxes vowed and planned to invade Greece just like his father had envisioned. Bridge created by Persians Greek city-states formed a defensive league under the Spartans. Xerxes led a massive invasion force into Greece. -Included 180,000 troops and thousands of warships. In spite of their differences, Athenians, Spartans, and other Greeks joined together to defeat Persian invaders Ready for War Persian Army When Xerxes came to a narrow mountain pass at Thermopylae, 7000 Greeks including 300 Spartans blocked his way. Xerxes figured an easy victory but underestimated their fighting ability. The Greeks stopped the Persian advance for 3 days. Unfortunately, a traitor told the Persians how to use a mountain path to surround the Greek force. 300 Narrow mountain pass When told that Persian arrows would darken the sky in battle, one Spartan responded, “That is good news. We will fight in the shade!” Fearing defeat, the 300 Spartans held the Persians back while the other Greek forces retreated. All 300 Spartans died and are remembered for their bravery. “We will fight in the dark” Meanwhile, Athenians debated how to best defend their city, which was at sea They positioned their fleet in a narrow channel near the island of Salamis. Xerxes set fire to Athens and then sent warships to block both ends of the channel. - The channel was too narrow for the Persian ships and the smaller Greek ships armed with battering rams sunk about a 1/3 of his fleet. Battle of Salamis Greeks vs Persians Narrow Channel at Salamis A few months later, in 479 B.C., the Greeks defeated the Persian army at Plataea. Greece fought two Persian wars. Greece won both wars and ensured that the roots of western civilization would include Greek thought. Persian Defeat Peloponnesian War Notes Ch 4 Sec 3 I will be able to describe the effect the Peloponnesian War had on Greek civilization. Learning Goal After the Persian Wars, Greece was divided into two power blocs. - Peloponnesian League led by Sparta - Delian League led by Athens Both sides would attempt to conquer the other and dominate Greek affairs. Greece Divided Sparta declares war on Athens. Athens had the stronger navy and Sparta had the stronger army. The Delian league (Athens) used its navy to supply itself with food, and to harass the home cities of its enemies. Eventually, the Spartans marched onto Athenian territory burning the Athenian food supply. Peloponnesian War In the 2nd year of the war disaster struck Athens. - A frightful plague (deadly disease) swept through the city, killing perhaps 1/3 of the Athenian population. - Although weakened, Athens continued to fight for several years. - Then, in 421 B.C., both sides, worn down by the war, signed a truce (did not last long) In 415 B.C., Athenians sent a huge fleet carrying more than 200,000 soldiers to destroy the city-state of Syracuse, one of Sparta’s wealthiest allies. - Ended in a crushing defeat for Athens Finally the Athenians and their allies surrendered and Sparta was victorious. Peloponnesian War Peloponnesian War weakened the major Greek States and all would struggle to dominate Greek affairs. Still Greek States would continue to have their petty wars, ignoring the growing power of Macedonia, a Greek State to their North. Effects of Peloponnesian War