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Name ____________________________________________________________ Date ___________________ The Structure of the Atom Before You Read Define the following terms. scientific law describes a relationship in nature that is supported by many ________________________________________________________ experiments _______________________________________________________ theory an explanation supported by many experiments; is still subject _______________________________________________________ to new experimental data, can be modified, and is considered _______________________________________________________ successful if it can be used to make predictions that are true _______________________________________________________ element a pure substance that cannot be separated into simpler _______________________________________________________ substances by physical or chemical means _______________________________________________________ law of definite proportions states that regardless of the amount, a compound is always _______________________________________________________ composed of the same elements in the same proportion by mass _______________________________________________________ law of multiple proportions states that when different compounds are formed by a combination _______________________________________________________ of the same elements, different masses of one element combine with _______________________________________________________ the same mass of the other element in a ratio of small whole numbers _______________________________________________________ Describe three things that you already know about the atom. Accept all reasonable responses. 1. _____________________________________________________ 2. _____________________________________________________ 3. _____________________________________________________ Chemistry: Matter and Change 43 Science Notebook Name ____________________________________________________________ Date ___________________ The Structure of the Atom Section 1 Early Ideas About Matter Scan Section 1 of your text. Use the checklist below as a guide. Read all section titles. Read all boldfaced words. Read all tables and graphs. Look at all pictures and read the captions. Think about what you already know about this subject. List three things you expect to learn about while reading the section. Accept all reasonable responses. 1. _____________________________________________________ 2. _____________________________________________________ 3. _____________________________________________________ Use your text to define each term. Dalton’s atomic theory a theory proposed by John Dalton in 1808, based on numerous ________________________________________________________ scientific experiments, which marked the beginning of the ________________________________________________________ development of modern atomic theory ________________________________________________________ Chemistry: Matter and Change 44 Science Notebook Name ____________________________________________________________ Date ___________________ Section 1 Early Ideas About Matter (continued) Greek Philosophers Use with pages 102–103. Summarize the effect that Aristotle had on the atomic theory proposed by Democritus. Aristotle rejected Democritus’s ideas because they did not agree with his ideas ________________________________________________________ on nature. He did not believe that the “nothingness” of empty space could ________________________________________________________ exist. He denied the existence of atoms. People accepted Aristotle’s ________________________________________________________ conclusions for 2,000 years, and the ideas of Democritus were not developed. ________________________________________________________ John Dalton Use with pages 104. List the main points of Dalton’s atomic theory. All matter is composed of extremely small particles called 1. ______________________________________________________ atoms. ______________________________________________________ All atoms of a given element are identical in size, mass, and 2. ______________________________________________________ chemical properties. Atoms of one element are different from ______________________________________________________ those atoms of any other element. ______________________________________________________ Atoms cannot be created, divided into smaller particles, or 3. ______________________________________________________ destroyed. ______________________________________________________ Different atoms combine in simple whole-number ratios to 4. ______________________________________________________ form compounds. ______________________________________________________ In a chemical reaction, atoms are separated, combined, or 5. ______________________________________________________ rearranged. ______________________________________________________ Discuss Dalton’s ideas by completing the following paragraph. chemical reactions After years of studying ______________________, Dalton was able to mass ratios of the elements involved in the accurately determine the ______________ atomic theory which helped to reactions. His conclusions resulted in the _______________, atoms in chemical reactions separate, _____________, combine or explain that _________ rearrange destroyed divided ________________, but are not created, ______________, or____________. Chemistry: Matter and Change 45 Science Notebook Name ____________________________________________________________ Date ___________________ Section 1 Early Ideas About Matter (continued) Compare and contrast the atomic theories of Democritus and Dalton. Mark an X under each name if a statement in the table applies to that person’s theory. Statement Democritus Dalton All matter is made of tiny pieces. x x Matter is made of empty space through which atoms move. x Atoms cannot be divided. x x Atoms cannot be created. x x Atoms cannot be destroyed. x x x Different atoms combine in whole-number ratios to form compounds. The properties of atoms vary based on shape, size, and movement. x Different kinds of atoms come in different sizes and shapes. x REAL-WORLD CONNECTION The experiments of the alchemists revealed the properties of some metals and provided the foundation for the science of chemistry. Although not successful, alchemy proved beneficial to science. Explain how this example can be applied to modern research. Accept all reasonable responses. Possible answer: Even research and experiments that do ________________________________________________________________________________ not succeed add to our body of knowledge and provide useful information to later ________________________________________________________________________________ researchers. ________________________________________________________________________________ Chemistry: Matter and Change 46 Science Notebook