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Transcript
WESTERN EUROPE 500 CE – 1500 CE Edited by Mr. Barkhau Shamelessly stolen from: http://conaapwh.weebly.com/classpowerpoints.html MEDIEVAL EUROPE: PERIODIZATION • Early Middle Ages: 500 – 1000 CE • High Middle Ages: 1000 – 1250 CE • Late Middle Ages: 1250 – 1500 CE CHANGE IN WESTERN EUROPE • By the year 1000 = invasions from outsiders (Vikings, Muslims, Magyars) had stopped • Either stopped or were absorbed into western European society • Result = peace and stability = things took a positive turn in Western Europe • At the same time = general climate change warmer conditions = better agriculture POLITICAL LIFE IN WESTERN EUROPE • Western Europe = now a series of regional kingdoms instead of one united empire • Many Germanic rulers were influenced by and embraced Roman culture • Many leaders wanted to recreate that unity that existed with the Roman Empire CHARLEMAGNE • Ruled the Carolingian Empire from 768 to 814 CE • Set up an imperial bureaucracy • Standardized weights and measures • Acted like an old imperial ruler • Christmas Day of 800 CE = he was crowned the “new Roman emperor” by the Pope CHARLEMAGNE • His empire was divided among his sons after his death • Attempt at unity = unsuccessful OTTO I OF SAXONY • Created the Holy Roman Empire (mostly Germany and its surrounding areas) • Ruled from 936 to 973 • Tried to regain unity in Western Europe just like Charlemagne • Also received title of emperor from the Pope • Unsuccessful A NEW POLITICAL SYSTEM • These new kingdoms = created a highly fragmented and decentralized society • Europe full of thousands of independent and isolated manors (estates) • Gave rise to a new system in Europe = feudalism = a political, economic, and social system based on loyalty and military service A NEW POLITICAL SYSTEM • Power = exercised by monarchs and elite landowning lords • Lesser lords and knights swore allegiance to greater lords and kings • Lesser lords = vassals = people who entered into a mutual obligation to a higher lord or monarch • Gave them: military protection and support • In return they got: land or fiefs • Fiefs = estates that came with serfs to work the land PROBLEMS WITH FEUDALISM • Possible to have allegiances to more than one person • System relied on loyalty of subjects • No strong central government • King must ask his lords for knights in time of war. • King must ask his lords for money to pay for things. • Lords hold most of the power. • Lords constantly fighting among themselves. LIFE OF THE NOBILITY • Nobility consisted of lords, ladies, and knights • A lord had almost total authority over his fief • A lady had few, if any, rights • For entertainment, tournaments were held • Mock battles between knights • Other entertainment = archery, big dinners, minstrels, and singers BECOMING A KNIGHT… • Boys became knights by: • Starting as a page (assistant) to the lord at age 7 • At 15, he became a squire who assisted a knight • Once he proved himself in battle, he was knighted in a ceremony BECOMING A KNIGHT… • Knights’ behavior was governed by a code of chivalry • This became the basis for good manners in western society THE MANORIAL SYSTEM • Peasants lived on & worked the lord’s land • This agricultural economic system is known as manorialism • In return for the lord’s protection, the peasants provided services for the lord • Farming, herding, weapon making, etc. • Most peasants were serfs = people who couldn’t leave the lord’s manor without permission SERFS VS. SLAVES • Serfs = tied to the land; not the personal property of a specific person • Slaves = belong to their master CHRISTIANITY OF WESTERN EUROPE • Roman Catholicism • How did it spread throughout Western Europe? • Church leaders and missionaries used a “top-down” strategy • Converted people at the top (kings and higher lords) first then they would persuade those below them to convert as well • Many kings & lords chose to convert because: they liked the Church’s connection to the “civilized” and “grand” Roman Empire CHRISTIANITY OF WESTERN EUROPE • Church authorities also had a lot of political power • They worked together with kings, nobles, and knights • Rulers gave the Church: protection and support of the religion • The Church gave the rulers: religious legitimacy for their power (“It is the will of the Creator…”) • Sometimes they competed for power as well THE INVESTITURE CONFLICT • Conflict over: who should appoint bishops and the pope himself • The Church? Or kings and emperors? • Compromise = the Church can select its own officials and rulers retain an informal and symbolic role in the process THE HIGH MIDDLE AGES 1000-1300 CHANGE IN WESTERN EUROPE • Population of Europe more than doubled • Increased agriculture • More agriculture = more trade • Major European centers of trade: • Northern Europe from England to the Baltic coast • Italian towns such as Florence, Genoa, and Venice CHANGE IN WESTERN EUROPE • Large European trading fairs held merchants from Northern and Southern Europe met to trade products from their respective areas CHANGE IN WESTERN EUROPE • This led to the growth of banking • Moneychangers exchanged one currency for another • Also took deposits and arranged loans • Set up ways to transfer money from one place to another CHANGE IN WESTERN EUROPE • Increased population = increased urbanization • Growth of cities/towns and different groups within them • Merchants • Bankers • Artisans • Lawyers, doctors, and scholars GUILDS • Guilds = business associations organized by merchants and artisans in the same line of work • Created rules concerning foreign trading, pricing of goods, wages, etc. • Guilds were controlled by masters = artisans who owned their own shops and tools GUILDS • Apprentices worked for masters to learn the craft --> were not paid • Apprentices became journeymen and received pay • To become a master, had to submit a sample of his work to the guild for approval GROWTH OF TOWNS • A number of towns in western Europe grew tremendously • Townspeople built walls around towns for protection • Buildings were mostly made of wood, making fire a constant hazard • Cities were dirty, smelled terribly, and had almost no sanitation • Garbage and sewage tossed into the streets • Caused the rapid spread of diseases such as typhoid, influenza, and malaria • Could become epidemics THE BLACK DEATH • Worst = Bubonic Plague (1348-1350) --> killed 1/3 of the population = called the Black Death • Ring around the Rosie is a reference to the Black Death THE CRUSADES THE CRUSADES • The Crusades = a series of 9 “holy wars” led by European Christians to recapture the holy lands and spread Christianity • Lasted several centuries • Authorized by the Pope • Belief that it was “God’s command” Pope Urban II calling for the Crusades THE CRUSADES THE CRUSADES • Participants = knights, peasants, middle-class, nobles, kings, church authorities all walks of life! • Participants received: • Indulgences = removed any penalties for their confessed sins • Immunity from lawsuits • Cancellation of debts • Honor and glory THE CRUSADES • Most famous Crusades = those aimed at reclaiming Jerusalem and other holy places in the Middle East from the Muslims • Crusaders = very violent • 1099 = seizure of Jerusalem thousands of Muslims and Jewish people slaughtered THE CRUSADES • The 1st crusade managed to conquer Jerusalem • The Europeans then created 4 feudal “Crusader States” in the Holy Land, each ruled by a European noble. • The 4th crusade sent Knights back to the Holy Land, however they never made it to Jerusalem. • Instead attacked the city of Constantinople because they were in desperate need of supplies and funds. • The Children's Crusade in 1212 • They believed God would protect them because they were children. • When the ships landed in North Africa, some children were slaughtered and others were sold in to slavery. THE CRUSADES • Other targets of the Crusaders: • Muslims on the Iberian Peninsula (Spain) • Lands along the Baltic Sea • The Byzantine Empire and Russia • Enemies of the Popes • Opponents of the Catholic Church THE CRUSADES: RESULTS • Relatively unsuccessful • Little lasting impact • Increased power of the popes • As a result of contact with the Islamic world, Europeans gained: • A demand for Asian goods • Muslim scholarship • Techniques for producing sugar on large-scale plantations THE CRUSADES: RESULTS • Greater rift between Eastern Orthodoxy and Roman Catholicism • Growth of anti-Semitism • Solidified cultural barriers THE MAGNA CARTA • English King John was a bad king so his nobles forced him to sign the Magna Carta • It limited powers of king. • Signed in 1215 • Example of Rule of Law WESTERN EUROPE A COMPARATIVE PERSPECTIVE CATCHING UP • Western Europe was much less developed than: the Byzantine Empire, China, India, and the Islamic world • Smaller cities • Politically weaker • Less international economy • Inferior technology EUROPE’S WILLINGNESS TO BORROW From: Received: Arabs Scientific ideas, business practices, goods like spices and sugar Philosophical and artistic ideas Mathematical concepts, spices Silks, porcelain, gunpowder, papermaking, compass, iron casting, nautical technology, a public postal service Pagan Greeks India China EUROPE’S OWN BREAKTHROUGHS • In agriculture = new heavy wheeled plow that could handle the dense soils of Northern Europe • In energy = non-animal sources = windmill, water-driven mill, complex gearing mechanisms, etc. • Revolutionized production in many industries PLURALISM IN POLITICS • Political life in Western Europe became a system of competing states • Ex: France, Spain, England, Sweden, etc. • Why no single European empire? • Geographic barriers • Ethnic and linguistic diversity • Shifting balances of power among the many states PLURALISM IN POLITICS • Result of this type of political system: • Frequent warfare • Enhanced the role and status of military men • Drove the “gunpowder revolution” PLURALISM IN POLITICS • 3-way struggle for power in western European states between: monarchs, high-ranking nobles, and church leaders • As a result = most cities ended up making their own laws and appointing their own local officials • In many cities kings granted charters = allowed citizens to have their own courts, laws, and governments PAVING THE WAY FOR THE FUTURE… • Development of capitalism • Development of representative institutions and parliaments • First parliaments represented “estates” • First estate = the clergy • Second estate = the landowning nobility • Third estate = Urban merchants REASON AND FAITH • Rising tension in Europe between: human reason and faith • Classical Greek philosophy Does it contradict religion? Or can it be used to help disclose the truths of Christianity RISE OF EUROPEAN UNIVERSITIES • Considered “zones of intellectual autonomy” • Professors and students could pursue their studies with some freedom from political and religious authorities • Guild of scholars organized • Major universities in: Paris, Oxford, Cambridge MEDIEVAL UNIVERSITIES University of Paris in France Cambridge in England MEDIEVAL UNIVERSITIES REASON AND FAITH • At these universities is where scholars and students began to examine faith and religion using reason and logic • Example of a student’s question = Can you prove that God exists based solely on reason, without the Bible or other source of divine revelation? REASON AND FAITH • However, many scholars and students believed that reason could coexist with faith • Logic, philosophy, and rationality would operate in service to Christ DESIRE FOR ANCIENT GREEK TEXTS • Focus on reason and rationality = led scholars to seek out original Greek texts • Especially those of Aristotle his writings became the basis for university education • Many translated from Greek and Arabic into Latin BIRTH OF THE RENAISSANCE • The Renaissance will be caused by: • An increased interest in acquiring new goods from Asia, Africa and the Middle East. • Demand for things such as silks, spices, ivory and pearls. This created a demand for trade with the Middle East. • Increased trade = Increased income for Italian merchants • Sophisticated Muslim culture, arts and philosophy were introduced to the Europeans